Concepts inS.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing
Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev
Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev (Russian: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿; November 2, 1902, n.s. - 1974) was a Soviet scientist in the fields of electrical engineering and computer science, and designer of the first Soviet computers. Lebedev was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. He graduated from Moscow Highest Technical School in 1928. From then until 1946 he worked at All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (formerly a division of MSTU) in Moscow and Kiev.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (abbreviated ¿¿¿¿, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991. The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy. The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire.
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History of computer hardware in Soviet Bloc countries
The history of computing hardware in the former Soviet Bloc is somewhat different from that of the Western world. As a result of the CoCom embargo, computers could not be imported in a large scale from capitalist countries. All computer hardware produced in the socialist countries was either designed locally or derived or copied from Western models by the intelligence agencies, tacitly studied, and reproduced.
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BESM
BESM (¿¿¿¿) is the name of a series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950-1960s. The name is an acronym for "Bolshaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina" ("¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿-¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿"), literally "Large Electronically Computing Machine". The series began as a successor to MESM ("Malaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina", "Small Electronically Computing Machine"). MESM was built between 1948 and 1951 and was one of the first electronic computers produced in the continental Europe.
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Stored-program computer
A stored-program computer is one which stores program instructions in electronic memory. Often the definition is extended with the requirement that the treatment of programs and data in memory be interchangeable or uniform. A computer with a von Neumann architecture stores program data and instruction data in the same memory; a computer with a Harvard architecture has separate memories for storing program and data.
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press. Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions and world-famous historical landmarks.
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