Considerable information systems (IS) research has sought to understand the adoption, implementation, and use of information systems. In contrast, the literature offers only limited insight into end-of-life issues such as those surrounding the nature of, and basis for, organizational IS discontinuance. This situation, in conjunction with the dramatic impact that ...
Title:
The end of the
information system life: a model of is discontinuance
CCS:
Information systems
Keywords:
information systems discontinuance
information systems management
Abstract:
<p>Considerable
information systems (IS) research has sought to understand the adoption, implementation, and ... has sought to understand the adoption, implementation, and use of
information systems. . In contrast, the literature offers only limited insight into ... account for organizational intention to discontinue the use of an
information system. . The model is based on the premise that forces ... are posited to be the two broad forces driving an
information system toward the end of its useful life. Organizational investments in ...
Primary CCS:
Information systems
Sponsor:
ACM Special Interest Group on Management
Information Systems
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Full Text:
The end of the
information system ... life: a model of is discontinuance The End of the
Information System Life: A Model of IS Discontinuance Brent Furneaux Faculty of ... Michael Wade Schulich School of Business York University Abstract Considerable
information systems (IS) research has sought to understand the adoption, implementation, and ... has sought to understand the adoption, implementation, and use of
information systems. . In contrast, the literature offers only limited insight into ... account for organizational intention to discontinue the use of an
information system. . The model is based on the premise that forces ... are posited to be the two broad forces driving an
information system toward the end of its useful life. Organizational investments in ... practice is also offered for interested readers. ACM Categories: H.0.
Information Systems; ; H.m. Miscellaneous. Key Words:
information system discontinuance, life cycle decisions,
information system management Introduction Considerable research attention has been directed toward understanding ... been directed toward understanding organizational adoption, implementation, and use of
information systems (IS) (Boudreau and Robey, 2005; Malhotra et al., 2005). In ... discontinuance, defined as the cessation of the use of an
information system in support of ongoing organizational effort, can have a dramatic ... measures of system success The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 45 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 such as return ... accounts for organizational intention to discontinue the use of an
information system. . The proposed model focuses on the discontinuance of systems ... on the premise that organizations routinely form intentions related to
information system decisions prior to acting upon these intentions (Liu et al., ...
... analysis associated with the model is that of a specific
information system. . Inherent in this perspective is the assumption that individual ... and Tam, 1997; Lee et al., 1995), interdependencies with other
information systems (Gosain, 2004), and extensive organizational reliance on data retained within ... (Nelson and Winter, 1982) The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 46 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 and entrenched social ... inertial tendencies (Ouellette and Wood, 1998; Tushman and Romanelli, 1985).
Information system life cycle factors driven by environmental change and organizational initiative ...
... research. IS Discontinuance Discontinuance has generally been conceived in the
information systems literature as being a consequence of some form of shortcoming ... overlook the more innocuous need to discontinue the use of
information systems considered successful but now obsolete. Such obsolescence is somewhat distinct ... from the obsolescence of physical capital since, unlike physical capital,
information systems do not suffer from physical wear and its associated implications ... subject to notable limitations. Since a failure to adapt an
information system to current circumstances can severely constrain the ability of an ... In extreme cases, changes in organizational strategy can render an
information system obsolete virtually overnight (Schmidt et al., 2001). Such changes thus ... has begun to examine factors driving the continued use of
information systems (e.g. Bhattacherjee and Premkumar, 2004; Kim and Malhotra, 2005). Since ... related to IS continuance The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 47 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 behavior is potentially ... understanding the factors that drive the continued use of an
information system (Hsu et al., 2004). The first approach views continuance behavior ... is the discrepancy between what a user expects of an
information system and what it delivers in practice that determines future use ...
... 2000). The question of why organizations discontinue their use of
information systems has, for instance, been largely overlooked. The few studies that ... view toward fostering such research. A Model of IS Discontinuance
Information systems are widely viewed as progressing naturally through a series of ... Zmud (1990) suggest, for instance, that the life of an
information system proceeds from the initial stages of adoption and implementation toward ... integral part of the organization. Thus, over most of the
information system life cycle, heavy emphasis is placed upon institutionalizing the system ... natural predilection toward IS continuance.The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 48 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 Figure 1: A ... of IS Discontinuance First, organizational intentions are well established in
information systems research as being antecedent to organizational level IS decisions (e.g. ...
... an organization might have to discontinue its use of an
information system. . As an alternative to the use of global measures, ... then exploring how organizational The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 49 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 discontinuance intentions might ... between individual understanding of discontinuance intentions and organizational action. The
Information System Life Cycle Life cycle perspectives on change tend to assert ... Miller and Friesen, 1980; Van de Ven and Poole, 1995).
Information systems are thus seen by this research as progressing over time ... model is that the life cycle progression of an operational
information system is driven by the impact of organizational and environmental change ... characteristics of the system. Drawing on the literature related to
information systems development and success, it is possible to identify two key ... it is possible to identify two key characteristics of an
information system that guide its development and form the basis for its ... system maintenance further suggest that the continued operation of an
information system depends considerably on the extent to which it can be ... Dans, 2000). Hence, system supportability is identified as the third
information system characteristic of notable importance to discontinuance intentions. These three characteristics ... an indication that the use of even a highly institutionalized
information system should be discontinued (Louis and Sutton, 1991; Oliver, 1992). Defined ...
... availability of a system. Although the software associated with an
information system is not subject to physical wear, system performance can be ... in an organization?s intention to discontinue its use of an
information system. . An important consideration in research investigating the impact of ... consideration in research investigating the impact of system performance on
information systems discontinuance is that of the distinction between objective and perceptual ... latency, downtime frequency, and The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 50 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 downtime duration. Hence, ... all of these systems. System Suitability The ability of an
information system to meet organizational needs is considered central to organizational evaluations ... The importance of system suitability is further highlighted by the
information systems success literature which argues for the salience of information quality ...
... in an organization?s intention to discontinue its use of an
information system. . The nature of system suitability is such that it ... such a system can The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 51 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 make it difficult ... importance of system maintenance to the ongoing operation of an
information system is widely recognized by software development models such as the ... in an organization?s intention to discontinue its use of an
information system. . As might be expected, prior research suggests that the ... expected, prior research suggests that the ability to maintain an
information system ... such as a shortage The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 52 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 of technical expertise, ... system supportability construct. Summary Thus far, three key characteristics of
information systems that impact the formation of organizational discontinuance intentions have been ... organizational discontinuance intentions have been presented. The software engineering and
information systems success literature both emphasize these three characteristics as important to ... as important to the successful development, implementation, and use of
information systems. . Hence, it can be expected that operational
information systems will have exhibited reasonably high levels of performance, suitability, and ... undermine system performance, suitability, and supportability and that therefore drive
information systems toward the end of their useful life. Change Forces While ... Ven and Poole, 1995). Since, in comparison to physical capital,
information systems are subject to relatively few intrinsic life cycle processes capable ... obsolescence (McKeen and Smith, 2003), the proposed model argues that
information system life cycle changes are driven primarily by teleologically-oriented organizational initiative ...
... a change in strategic The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 53 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 direction or the ... the circumstances that are being faced (Doty et al., 1993).
Information systems research has thus argued that the success of an
information system is predicated on a fit or alignment between the capabilities ... its objectives can be expected to reduce the suitability of
information systems that were implemented with the goal of meeting prior needs ... the rich tradition of contingency research within the field of
information systems (e.g. Becerra-Fernandez and Sabherwal, 2001; Lee et al., 2004) by ...
... efforts of an organization are linked to its use of
information systems. . Insights of this kind have potential relevance beyond their ... For instance, they could potentially improve our understanding of how
information systems impact organizational performance and shed some light on how an ... how an organization can maintain operational flexibility while using an
information system that is thought by users to be relatively inflexible. Finally, ... those researchers interested in developing a process oriented understanding of
information system discontinuance. Organizational Growth: The
information system needs of an organization depend considerably upon its size (Igbaria ... channels. However, as an The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 54 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 organization begins to ... as capacity expansion, acquisition, and product or market extension its
information system needs will change. For instance, a simple accounting package that ... that organizational growth will negatively impact the suitability of existing
information systems such that: P4b: Organizational growth will be associated with reduced ... system suitability, it is important to further recognize that all
information systems are subject to performance limits (Sommerville, 2007). For example, the ... often prohibitive. As a result, the performance capabilities of organizational
information systems will typically be appropriate to the size of the organization ...
... to this determination is to remain cognizant that an individual
information system is the relevant unit of analysis. Thus, the most appropriate ... different competitive threats (Oliver, 1992; Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978). The
information systems literature has also acknowledged the need to respond to environmental ... respond to environmental change in relation to the management of
information systems (Lederer and Mendelow, 1990). Although it has been argued that ... the following discussion of the implications of environmental change for
information systems discontinuance. The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 55 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 Competitive Change: Organizations ... Oliver, 1992). Considerable IS research has discussed the relationship between
information systems and changing competitive circumstances (Piccoli and Ives, 2005) with West ... IS research has also drawn attention to the need for
information systems to change in response to changing competitive circumstances (Copeland and ... that an organization conducts itself and the nature of the
information systems that it requires. Changing competitive circumstances often force organizations to ...
... levels of change in the technologies that relate to an
information system will be associated with reduced system supportability. Some researchers have ... likely to be relatively weak given the substantial costs of
information system investments (Chou et al., 2006; Mahmood et al., 2001). As ... of organizational change and de-The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 56 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 institutionalization (Kondra and ... and in the literature related to the organizational use of
information systems (El Sawy et al., 1999). Such changes have been found ... result in potentially revolutionary changes in the nature of the
information systems used by an organization (El Sawy et al., 1999). Although ... an organization (El Sawy et al., 1999). Although not all
information systems ... have direct customer relevance, the growing importance of customer facing
information systems suggests that an organization?s
information systems ... chain changes can significantly impact what is required of organizational
information systems (Malhotra et al., 2005; Nissen and Sengupta, 2006; Subramani, 2004). ... change and organizational initiative as the two broad forces driving
information systems discontinuance. Missing, however, is due consideration for the extent to ... Inertia Continuance inertia is defined as those characteristics of an
information system and the organization in which it operates that lie in ... far begin to create The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 57 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 pressure for change ...
... investments made by organizations in the implementation and operation of
information systems, , it seems likely that there will be at least ... and other resources that an organization has committed to an
information system over the course of its life, is thus seen as ... and Tversky, 1979). Given that the investment of resources in
information systems can be considerable, prospect theory and the sunk cost effect ... considerable sunk cost. Prior research examining the abandonment of troubled
information systems implementation projects tends to support this assertion (Keil et al., ... 1987). For example, an organization that has successfully implemented an
information system gains competence with the system (March, 1981). This competence can ... the situation is the The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 58 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 difficulty in quantifying ...
... quo. System Embeddedness A number of structural features related to
information systems and the organizations in which they function serve to support ... defined as the extent to which the use of an
information system is an integral part of organizational activity. One important contributor ... routines can greatly assist in the process of ensuring that
information system use becomes embedded within an organization, such routines are widely ... it can be expected that the extent to which an
information system is embedded in organizational routines and is supported by a ... will form. Characteristics directly related to the nature of an
information system can also impact system embeddedness. In particular, the extent to ... the extent to which a system is linked to other
information systems both within an organization and across organizational boundaries can vary ... characterized by high levels of this form of embeddedness, an
information system comes to resemble the core of a set of tightly ... this assessment with perceptual measures. Given the non-physical character of
information systems (McKeen and Smith, 2003), it would seem quite possible that ... quite possible that decision The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 59 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 makers may routinely ...
... 1997; Kondra and Hinings, 1998). As discontinuance of a particular
information system becomes prevalent, organizational discontinuance intentions are likely to be heightened ... to adequately control or account for organizational performance when examining
information systems discontinuance. One important factor impacting the extent to which mimetic ... environmental change as the two broad forces that drive an
information system toward the end of its useful life. These change forces ... posited to impact the performance, suitability, and supportability of an
information system with low levels of system performance, suitability, and supportability being ... which discontinuance intentions translate into the actual discontinuance of an
information system. . While the potential for discrepancies between behaviors and intentions ... an organization to be The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 60 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 presented with a ...
... much-needed improvement in our understanding of how it is that
information systems impact organizational performance (Lee et al., 1997). In addition to ... for it to be applied to discontinuance contexts other than
information system discontinuance. It may, for example, be of some utility in ... suggestion that organizations that perform regularly scheduled updates to their
information systems may create an expectation of change that reduces the impact ... organizations that rely more heavily upon incremental changes to their
information systems and those that prefer to maximally exploit existing technologies prior ... warrants further research attention. The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 61 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 Table 1 ? ... and ChallengesInformation System DiscontinuanceThe cessation of the use of an
information system in support of ongoing organizational efforts.Organizational IS Discontinuance IntentionA belief ...
... responsible for the decision to terminate ongoing use of an
information system that such use should, in fact, be terminated?Can use global ... in an organization?s intention to discontinue its use of an
information system. .?Both objective and perceptual measures are possible?Objective measures include response ... in an organization?s intention to discontinue its use of an
information system. .?Limited opportunity for objective measures, particularly objective measures that are ... assessments of system suitability The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 62 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 Table 1 (Continued) ... in an organization?s intention to discontinue its use of an
information system. .?Objective and perceptual measures are possible?Objective measures such as the ...
... impact of environmental change on IS discontinuanceTechnological ChangeThe emergence of
information system hardware and software innovations.P5b: Higher levels of change in the ... levels of change in the technologies that relate to an
information system will be associated with reduced system supportability.?Ojective and perceptual measures ... directly to discontinuance intentions The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 63 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 Table 1 (Continued) ... in the context of inter-organizational systemsContinuance InertiaThose characteristics of an
information system and the organization in which it operates that lie in ... and other resources that an organization has committed to an
information system over the course of its life.P6: High levels of system ... the implementation of a replacementSystem EmbeddednessThe extent to which an
information system is an integral part of organizational activity.P7: High levels of ... be relevant in specific contextsThe DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems 64 Volume 41, Number 2, May 2010 Finally, it is ...
... account primarily for binding organizational discontinuance decisions. Recent trends in
information systems management and the heightened salience of security and privacy considerations ... to assist organizations seeking to maximize the value of their
information systems investments as well as IS vendors seeking to understand and ... Understanding the factors underlying decisions to discontinue the use of
information systems and how these factors are related will, for instance, help ... seeking to further explore this largely overlooked aspect of the
information systems life cycle. References Abrahamson, E., L. Rosenkopf Bartner, P.S. Adler, ... 2001. Organization Knowledge Management: A Contingency Perspective Journal of Management
Information Systems, , 23-55. Bensaou, M. 1997. Interorganizational Cooperation: The Role of ... Technology an Empirical Comparison of U.S. And Japanese Supplier Relations
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Information Systems MIS Quarterly, 473-506. Subramani, M. 2004. How Do Suppliers Benefit ... in Supply Chain Relationships? MIS Quarterly, 45-73. Swanson, E.B. 1994.
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Information Systems,
... Weill, P., M.R. Vitale. 1999. Assessing the Health of an
Information Systems Applications Portfolio: An Example from Process Manufacturing MIS Quarterly, 601-624. ... in Standards Architectures: The Rise and Fall of Japan's Pc-98
Information Systems Research, 197-216. Westland, J.C. 2000. Modeling the Incidence of Postrelease ... J.C. 2000. Modeling the Incidence of Postrelease Errors in Software
Information Systems Research, 320-324. Zahay, D., A. Griffin. 2004. Customer Learning Processes, ... of E-Business by Organizations: Cross-Country Evidence from the Retail Industry
Information Systems Research, 61-84. Zigurs, I., B.K. Buckland. 1998. A Theory of ... drive and constrain organizational decisions to discontinue the use of
information systems. . His research interests also include the processes surrounding individual ... knowledge, and other questions related to the end of the
information system life. Brent has published in the areas of organizational decision ... the development and application of theory within the field of
information systems. ... . Michael R. Wade is an Associate Professor of Management
Information Systems at the Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto. He ... as MIS Quarterly, Strategic Management Journal, the Journal of Management
Information Systems, , and the Communications of the ACM. Professor Wade is ... of the ACM. Professor Wade is co-author of the textbook
Information Systems Today: Canadian Edition, and has co-authored two e-commerce casebooks. His ... casebooks. His current research focuses on the strategic use of
information systems ... for sustainable competitive advantage. The DATA BASE for Advances in
Information Systems
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