Title:
Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method

Keywords:
Organizational Transparency
Transparency Assessment
Transparency Maturity Model

Abstract:
... to legal requirements many organizations face the challenge of implementing transparency practices. In order to assist them in systematically and progressively ... and progressively implementing these practices, the Maturity Model for Organizational Transparency was developed. This model is composed by a set of ... and find out their strengths and improvement opportunities regarding Organizational Transparency. . This paper presents the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method that allows the understanding how transparent an organization is while also suggesting what needs to be ... suggesting what needs to be done to continuously improving the transparency practices. We also present a case study of its application ...

References:
Araujo, R., Engiel, P., Cappelli, C., Tanaka, A., Santos, G., Leite, J. and Nunes, V. "Organizational Transparency Maturity Model: An study in a Public Organization focusing on disclosure issues", V Workshop on Applied Computer to E-Gov, pp. 9--16, João Pessoa. 2013.
Benjamin, M. K., Cappelli, C., Santos, G. "Organizational Transparency Assessment Process", I Workshop on Software Systems Transparency, CBSoft, Brasilia. 2013..
Benjamin, M. K., Cappelli, C., Santos, G. "Organizational Transparency Assessment Guide", II Workshop on Software Systems Transparency, SBSI, Londrina. 2014.
Cappelli, C., Engiel, P., A., Araujo, R. M. and Leite, J. "Managing Transparency Guided by a Maturity Model", 3rd Global Conference on Transparency Research HECPARIS, Paris.2013.
Tapscott, D., and Ticoll, D. The Naked Corporation: How the Age of Transparency Will Revolutionize Business, New York. 2003.

Full Text:
Microsoft Word - Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment MethodOrganizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method Kizzy Benjamin Graduate Program in Informatics Federal ... to legal requirements many organizations face the challenge of implementing transparency practices. In order to assist them in systematically and progressively ... and progressively implementing these practices, the Maturity Model for Organizational Transparency was developed. This model is composed by a set of ... and find out their strengths and improvement opportunities regarding Organizational Transparency. . This paper presents the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method that allows the understanding how transparent an organization is while also suggesting what needs to be ... suggesting what needs to be done to continuously improving the transparency practices. We also present a case study of its application ... and professional topics? Government technologypolicy ? Governmental regulations KEYWORDS Organizational Transparency, , Transparency Assessment, Transparency Maturity Model ACM Reference format: K. Benjamin, C. Cappelli, G. ... Reference format: K. Benjamin, C. Cappelli, G. Santos2017. 2017. Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method. 18stAnnual International Conference on Digital Government Research, ... 978-1-4503-5317-5/17/06...$15.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3085228.30852791 INTRODUCTION Many organizations face the challenge of implementing transparency practices mostly due to laws and regulatory mechanisms. At the ... level we can talk about Basel agreement [3], which defines transparency principles to be followed by banks around the world. In ... to assist organizations in a systematic and progressive implementation of transparency practices, a Maturity Model for Organizational Transparency was developed[10]. However, this model by itself does not allow ... by itself does not allow organizations to diagnose their current transparency level, to know their strengths nor its improvement opportunities. To ... a method to diagnose the organization current situation regarding the transparency practices implementation, defining strengths and opportunities for improvement and initiating ... international organizations like International Transparency1, Article 192 and CGU3 developed transparency assessment methods but none of them are based on a ... order to contribute in this area, was proposed an Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method, based on Transparency Maturity Model, we developed an Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method. The method was inspired on several assessment ... and G. Santos In this paper we describe the Organizational Transparency
... implementing the process activities, rules to score the implementation of transparency practices defined by the Maturity Model for Organizational Transparency was developed [9], associated documents templates, and also the requirements ... the method. Besides this Introduction, Section 2 presents the Organizational Transparency Maturity Model, Section 3 presents the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method, Section 4 presents the case study, and ... study, and Section 5 presents our final considerations. 2 ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSPARENCY MATURITY MODEL Organizations have to answer about transparency demands from their customers, employees, partners, society [18] and regulatory ... order to accomplish that, they need adequate instruments. The Organizational Transparency Maturity Model[11] was developed to fulfill this need. Its purpose ... developed to fulfill this need. Its purpose is to define transparency ... practices maturity levels, indicating what organizations must do to implement transparency in their business processes or information items. This model is ... conceptual meta-model described in Figure 1. Figure 1:Meta-model of Organizational Transparency Maturity Model The meta-model indicates that each maturity level has ... and possible work products generated during its implementation. The Organizational Transparency Maturity Model is structured into five levels: Level 1 - ... Each practice and work product defined in each level of Transparency Maturity Model has a description of its activities and attributes ... its level of security like top secret, secret, confidential and transparent. . But, the model itself does not provide an instrument ... its practices in an organization. Therefore, we defined the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method, which will be presented in the next ... will be presented in the next section. 3 THE ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSPARENCY ... MATURITY ASSESSMENT METHOD To guide the definition of the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method we considered other assessment methods and quality ... on how to assess an organization in order to indicate transparency maturity level and what to do to improve its transparency practices. By analyzing the source material, we were able to ... best practices that could be used to create the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method. Among them were: audits to ensure that ...
... to be applied in our assessment method, we were Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method dg.o '17, June 07-09, 2017, Staten Island, ... rules, assessors' qualifications and also associated support tools [4].The Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method is composed of five processes as shown ... as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: Process of Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method The Collect Organization?s Information process aims to ... to the organization profile. The Conduct Assessment aims to collect transparency evidences and generate the report with the assessment results. At ... the assessment team members and organizational unit members involved in transparency. . After data collection, evidences related to the implementation of ... After data collection, evidences related to the implementation of each transparency practice in the maturity level considered are verified and assigned. ... and assigned. Later, the assessment team discuss the extent each transparency practice is implemented in the organization and suggest the organizational ... verify if the assessment was performed according to the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method. The coordinator of the assessment institution assigns ... the assessment coordinator and to the coordinator of the Organizational Transparency institution. The Document Assessment Results process aims to document the ... that, the official assessment result is published in the Organizational Transparency site. Eventually, the lead assessors send the assessment documents to ... software processes and he/she must have been trained in Organizational Transparency concepts. All who have these requirements are candidates to be ...
... ofevidences and analyzed scores of transparencypractices.To evaluate the extent each transparency practice is implemented in the organization we defined a scoring ... score Synthesis [14]. The scale was defined as such because transparency is a quality characteristic and that we believe a qualitative ... and that we believe a qualitative test to assess Organizational Transparency is more appropriate than a merely quantitative criterion. The scoring ... 3 is used to register the score associated with each transparency practice. The spreadsheets composed of two parts: the first one ... first one is for mapping the findings related to each transparency practice, while the second one is used to score the ... while the second one is used to score the overall transparency practice implementation. The column "To Check" describes the transparency practices the organization must implement. The "evidence" item must be ... score that best describes the degree of implementation of each transparency practice. The "justification" column must contain a brief explanation to ... the improvement suggestions (if any). The Organizational Unit receives the Transparency Certified at a certain maturity level if all practices of ... of all features are punctuated with large implemented. The Organizational Transparency Certified is valid for three years. After that period, the ... three years. After that period, the organization needs renew its transparency level through a new assessment, on the same level or ... Worksheet (Part II) 4 CASE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSPARENCY MATURITY ASSESSMENT METHOD We carried out a case study [19] ...
... were adequate. The following research question was used: The Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method helps to evaluate the Organizational Transparency practices objectively and in accordance to the Organizational Transparency Maturity Model? We also defined three additional sub questions (SQ): ... SQ3 ?Are the assessment instruments and scoringsystem for verifying the transparency practicesimplementation sufficient?The case study was conducted in three steps. First, ... The second step consisted of the execution of the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method. Finally, we analyzed the results obtained from ... study were: ? Appraisers: trained personal to perform the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method. The lead assessor was the one with ... roles of participants, their profile and their knowledge on the transparency practices and transparency information in the organization. Table 1: Roles of participants Roles ... process activity, we collected the participants' opinion about the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method. The focus of the assessment was the ... the responsible to execute the first process of the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method: Collect Organization's Information process. We collected feedback ...
... the preparation, the participants reported that some terms about organizational transparency needed to be simplified to better understand. The researcher explained ... researcher explained that the presentation is based on the Organizational Transparency Maturity Model and that the same terms used in the ... 'disabled person' was changed. After the team collected the necessary transparency evidences, the lead assessor and the two other assessors began ... began to check them against the requirements of the Organizational Transparency ... Maturity Model. The researcher followed the team while scoring the transparency practices, and noticed that the comments explaining the score system ... explaining the score system contained in the spreadsheet were Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method dg.o '17, June 07-09, 2017, Staten Island, ... in an elementary way, perhaps because of inexperience on Organizational Transparency. . The organization was considered adherent to the Organizational Transparency Maturity Level 2 ? Published. During presentation of results, the ...
... a result of this case study, we improved the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method by: ? Replacing some texts by pictures ... to help the organizationin understanding the method?? Q6 ?Were the transparency characteristics, practices,products and objectives clearly defined in thespreadsheet?The answers to ... to these six questions helped to conclude that the Organizational Transparency Maturity Method is well defined, but its language could be ... problems cited to the research team responsible for the Organizational Transparency Maturity Model definition. To analyze whether the SQ 2 (Do ... (Are the assessment instruments and scoring system for verifying the transparency practices implementation sufficient?) is satisfied, we analyzed the following questions: ... ?Is the training adequate to assist the organization inunderstanding the transparency practices? Do the supportmaterial clearly explain the practices properly? If ... with the training to identify the workproducts generated by the transparency practices? If not,which were the difficulties faced?? Q14 ? Did ... scoring rules lead to a consistent resultaccordingly to the current transparency implementationin the organization? If not, why?? Q18 - Which deficiencies ... that the assessment tools and scoring rules for verify the transparency practices implementation are adequate. 5 ANALYSES OF RESULTS During the ...
... evaluate the practices and work products recommended by the Organizational Transparency Maturity Model. As a result of this case study, the ... related to the experience of the assessors with the Organizational Transparency Maturity Model. The feedback from experienced people would further enhance ... method. 6 FINAL REMARKS Organizations find themselves obliged to be transparent, , because of regulatory mechanisms and to have competitive advantages. ... and to have competitive advantages. To support organizations to implement transparency, , an Organizational Transparency Maturity Model was built but it is not enough to ... was built but it is not enough to do a transparency assessment in an organization. We presented in this paper the ... in an organization. We presented in this paper the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method which allows the transparency practices on an organization to be assessed and provides an ... a basis for defining process activities to construct the Organizational Transparency Maturity Assessment Method. To help in their implementation defined documents ... created as coring system to measure the range the Organizational Transparency practices are fulfilled by organizations. To evaluate the proposal, we ... evidences that the our method assists the verification of Organizational Transparency practices in the way advocated by the Organizational Transparency Maturity Model. The case study also allowed us to identify ... Tanaka, A., Santos, G., Leite, J. and Nunes, V. ?Organizational Transparency Maturity Model: An study in a Public Organization focusing on ... 2006. [4] Benjamin, M. K., Cappelli, C., Santos, G. ?Organizational Transparency Assessment Process?, I Workshop on Software Systems Transparency, , CBSoft, Brasilia. 2013.. [5] Benjamin, M. K., Cappelli, C., ... 2013.. [5] Benjamin, M. K., Cappelli, C., Santos, G. ?Organizational Transparency Assessment Guide?, II Workshop on Software Systems Transparency, , SBSI, Londrina. 2014. [6] Benjamin, Kizzy M., Cappelli, C. ... Engiel, P., A., Araujo, R. M. and Leite, J. ?Managing Transparency Guided by a Maturity Model?, 3rd Global Conference on Transparency Research HEC PARIS, Paris.2013. [10] CMMI Product Team.?Standard CMMI Appraisal ...
... and Ticoll, D. The Naked Corporation: How the Age of Transparency Will Revolutionize Business, New York. 2003. [19] Yin, K. R. ...

Title:
Tracs: transparency-control for see-through displays

Keywords:
transparent display
transparency-controlled display

Abstract:
... <p>We present Tracs, a dual-sided see-through display system with controllable transparency. . Traditional displays are a constant visual and communication barrier, ... fast and efficient collaboration of spatially close or facing co-workers. Transparent displays could potentially remove these barriers, but introduce new issues ... and visual interference. We therefore propose a solution with controllable transparency to overcome these problems. Tracs consists of two see-through displays, ... these problems. Tracs consists of two see-through displays, with a transparency- -control layer, a backlight layer and a polarization adjustment layer ... a backlight layer and a polarization adjustment layer in-between. The transparency- ... -control layer is built as a grid of individually addressable transparency- -controlled patches, allowing users to control the transparency overall or just locally. Additionally, the locally switchable backlight layer ... work fast and easily and gives them full control of transparent

References:
Gutwin, C., Dyck, J., and Fedak, C. The Effects of Dynamic Transparency on Targeting Performance. In Proc. GI '03 (2003), 105--112.
Harrison, B. L., Ishii, H., Vicente, K. J., and Buxton, W. A. S. Transparent Layered User Interfaces : An Evaluation of a Display Design to Enhance Focused and Divided Attention. In Proc. CHI '95 (1995), 317--324.
Hirakawa, M., and Koike, S. A Collaborative Augmented Reality System using Transparent Display. In Proc. ISMSE '04 (2004), 410--416.
Li, J., Greenberg, S., Sharlin, E., and Jorge, J. Interactive Two-Sided Transparent Displays: Designing for Collaboration. In Proc. DIS '14 (2014), 395--404.

Full Text:
Tracs: Transparency Control for See-through DisplaysTracs: Transparency Control for See-through DisplaysDavid Lindlbauer1, Toru Aoki2, Robert Walter1, Yuji ... Internet and Society, Berlin, GermanyFigure 1. Tracs is a dual-sided transparency- -controlled see-through display system to avoid visual interference on transparent displays and to supportfast switching between personal work and collaboration. ... switching between personal work and collaboration. Users can control the transparency of specific parts of the display (left) or overall (right).ABSTRACTWe ... overall (right).ABSTRACTWe present Tracs, a dual-sided see-through display systemwith controllable transparency. . Traditional displays are aconstant visual and communication barrier, hindering ... hindering fastand efficient collaboration of spatially close or facing co-workers. Transparent displays could potentially remove thesebarriers, but introduce new issues of ... and visual interference. We therefore pro-pose a solution with controllable transparency ... to overcomethese problems. Tracs consists of two see-through displays,with a transparency- -control layer, a backlight layer and a po-larization adjustment layer ... a backlight layer and a po-larization adjustment layer in-between. The transparency- -control layer is built as a grid of individually addressabletransparency-controlled ... collaborative work fast and easily and gives themfull control of transparent regions on their display.Author KeywordsTransparent display; transparency- -controlled display;ACM Classification KeywordsH.5.m. Information Interfaces and Presentation (e.g. HCI):MiscellaneousPermission ... communication while seeing screen content,one of the main affordances of transparent displays [18].Transparent displays offer the ability to see screen contentas well as ... 18, 19, 21,22], exposing beneficial features like workspace awareness.However, traditional (non-transparent) ... ) displays still are ubiq-uitous. We believe this is because transparent displays lackbasic features of traditional displays such as shielding fromvisual ... privacy by turningthe display opaque.In this paper, we present Tracs (TRAnsparency ControlledScreens), a dual-sided transparency- -controlled display sys-tem. With Tracs, users can control the transparency of indi-vidual areas of their display (see Figure 1). It ... (see Figure 1). It consists of twosee-through displays enclosing a transparency- -control layer,a backlight layer, and a polarization adjustment layer.The transparency- -control layer is a grid of transparency- -controllable patches and is created from a single piece ofPDLC ... (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) switchable dif-fuser with additional pieces of transparent ITO (Indium TinOxide) film for controlling the individual patches.Augmented Reality ... patches.Augmented Reality II UIST?14, October 5?8, 2014, Honolulu, HI, USA657The transparency of the PDLC diffuser is controlled by ad-justing the voltage ... supplied to it. Tracs? backlight layer, aLED matrix mounted on transparent ITO, improves the con-trast of the see-through display. The polarization ... to enable users to see through the LCDs.RELATED WORKTransparent DisplaysUsing transparent
... through gaming. Li et al. [18] used a dual-sided pro-jected transparent display for collaborative work. They dis-cuss the affordances and possibility ... setups, with en-hancements in workspace awareness being fundamental ad-vantages of transparent ... displays over traditional displays.With Tracs, we focus on controlling the transparency and theability to see or hide the environment behind the ... or hide the environment behind the display.Prior systems could control transparency only by overlay-ing the environment behind the display with screen ... by overlay-ing the environment behind the display with screen content.Tracs? transparency- -control layer offers the unique ability tocontrol transparency independent of screen content, thus al-lowing users to avoid visual ... interference and to switch seam-lessly between personal (opaque) and collaborative (transpar- -ent) usage on demand.Transparency and Visual InterferenceInsights from research on ... usage on demand.Transparency and Visual InterferenceInsights from research on interface transparency evaluations(e.g., [1, 3, 4]) show decreased performance of task execution(e.g., ... decreased performance of task execution(e.g., selection or menu interaction) with transparent user in-terfaces. For transparent displays, Laramee and Ware [16]showed that visual rivalry between screen ... leads to decreased performance and readability. WithTracs, users control the transparency of our see-through dis-plays and can therefore avoid potential visual ... can therefore avoid potential visual rivalry.Switchable diffuser in HCIFor our transparency- -control matrix, we used PDLC switch-able diffuser, a material normally ... a dual-sided see-through display system which usesthe property of adjustable transparency. . Tracs should enhancethe user experience when working with transparent displays.TRACSTracs gives users the ability to toggle the transparency of in-dividual areas on the display through its transparency- -controllayer (see Figure 1). These areas support more fine-grainedadjustments for ... use-cases and applications, e.g., to allow users to create collab-orative (transparent) ) and personal (opaque) regions on theirdisplay simultaneously (see Figure ... stack of five hardware components (seeFigure 2). We use two transparent 22? LCDs (SamsungLTI220MT021) as a basis for displaying content. In-betweenthe ... basis for displaying content. In-betweenthe two displays, Tracs includes a transparency- -control layerwhich allows users to manually control the transparency ofthe displays. Furthermore, we included a backlight layer toincrease the ... the LCDs and a polarisation adjust-ment layer to improve the transparency of the displays.Figure 2. Schematic of the dual-sided screen system, ... of the dual-sided screen system, consisting of twotransparent LCDs, a transparency- -control layer, a transparent back-light and a half-wave retardation film for adjusting polarization.Transparent displaysTransparent ... LCDs rely on ambient light for displaying screencontent. They are transparent when turned off or display-ing non-black content. Since they do ... they do not emit light, contrastis limited compared to e.g., transparent OLEDs (not com-mercially available yet). We chose displays over projectionto ...
each other). Since we used transparent LCDsin our setup, we equipped Tracs with an additional backlightand ... with an additional backlightand polarisation adjustment layer.1Each display offers a transparency of about 15% according to thespecification.Augmented Reality II UIST?14, October ... as anode (layer A), theother as cathode (layer C). Our transparency- -control matrixis a passive matrix layout with a common anode.Figure ... a common anode.Figure 3. Our current 22? prototype of the transparency- -control matrix.Each of the 54 patches can be controlled individually.We ... a common anode.Figure 4. Schematic of a 4 4 transparency- -control matrix: cathodelayer (layer C, left) with individual patches, common ... small additional areas on the outside toavoid cutting holes. These transparent ITO connections incombination with the common anode from layer A ... the common anode from layer A allow usto control the transparency of each patch individually. Thepatches are controlled with 8 Texas ... red lines) to constructthe matrix from a single layer of transparent material.Figure 5. Tracs? backlight matrix is composed of LEDs mounted ... to overcome this issue, we included an ad-ditional layer of transparent half-wave retardation film4 (seeFigure 6) in-between the two displays. The ... Honolulu, HI, USA659Figure 7. Tracs? three states: personal (opaque, left), collaboration(transparent, , screen content visible, center), and communication (trans-parent, screen content ...
vacy. During collaboration, the display is transparent and thescreen content visible. This way, users can relate to ... allowsusers to implicitly select the different states through control-ling the transparency of patches and screen content.Figure 8. Tracs? states combined on ... (center), collaboration (right).DISCUSSIONWe believe that by being able to control transparency, , thusprivacy, and visual interference, those limitations of see-through displays ... can be overcome and new ways of collab-oration be opened. Transparent displays could bring togetherbenefits from shoulder-to-shoulder collaboration (shared per-spective on ... However, we believe users need tobe able to choose between transparent and opaque to increaseto usability and acceptance of transparent displays.Quality and TransparencyCurrently, Tracs uses transparent LCDs, which require addi-tional environmental light to provide a good ... environmental light to provide a good view through thedisplay. Otherwise transparency would be limited. Transpar- -ent OLED displays do not suffer from such limitations, buttheir ... many types of see-through displays becauseof its flexible layering. The transparency- -control layer can ap-plied to an OLED to equip it ... it with controllable transparency.The most influential factor for the Tracs? transparency are theLCDs, which give it a approximate overall transparency of10%. This is a limiting factor for potential deployment andneeds ... both sides, a second backlight layercould be added or a transparent electroluminescence displayemitting light at both sides could serve as backlight.Currently, ... for a more comfortable viewing angle. Bothpoints are important for transparent displays in general andneed to be taken into account.Switching and ... yet unclear, which oneusers prefer. Users might only switch to transparent mode incase of actual collaboration and not during daily work, ... be encour-aged to collaborate more frequently. Since users can switchto transparent state all the time, these switches could occurin moments not ... verbally by users. Being able to preventunwanted switches, especially to transparent mode, is impor-tant for systems like Tracs.FUTURE WORKFor future work, ... we plan to increase the efficiency and res-olution of the transparency- -control matrix design to sup-port more fine grained control over ... matrix design to sup-port more fine grained control over the transparency. . Addi-tionally, working with components of higher transparency, ,e.g., transparent OLEDs, would give us the opportunity forevolving our setup. Furthermore, ... research. Finally, thenegotiation process between collaborators, whether or whento change transparency, , introduces an interesting challenge,which we will look into.Augmented Reality ... 2014, Honolulu, HI, USA660CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we presented Tracs, a transparency- -controlledsee-through display system. With Tracs, users can control thetransparency of ... backlight, increasing the contrast of trans-parent LCDs. We proposed using transparency- -controlledsee-through displays for fostering on-demand collaborationwhile retaining a personal space, ...
... Gutwin, C., Dyck, J., and Fedak, C. The Effects ofDynamic Transparency on Targeting Performance. InProc. GI ?03 (2003), 105?112.4. Harrison, B. ... L., Ishii, H., Vicente, K. J., and Buxton, W.A. S. Transparent Layered User Interfaces : AnEvaluation of a Display Design to ... Hirakawa, M., and Koike, S. A CollaborativeAugmented Reality System using Transparent Display.In Proc. ISMSE ?04 (2004), 410?416.9. Inkpen, K., Hawkey, K., ... Li, J., Greenberg, S., Sharlin, E., and Jorge, J. InteractiveTwo-Sided Transparent Displays: Designing forCollaboration. In Proc. DIS ?14 (2014), 395?404.19. Olwal, ...

Title:
Using internet to promote the transparency and fight corruption: Latin American transparency portals

Keywords:
transparency
transparency portals

Abstract:
... promotion of this right. Examples of government initiatives to promote transparency are Transparency portals. The Transparency Portals, which are present in several Latin American countries, provide ... article examines the possibilities of using portals to promote the transparency and social control of public management as well as citizen ... survey through structured observation of the following Latin American portals: Transparency Portal, at Baja California, Mexico; Transparency Portal, in S&atilde;o Carlos, Brazil; Portal Transparency, , in the municipality of Ca&ccedil;apava, in Brazil; the Transparency Portal, Trujillo, Peru; Transparent Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and the Transparency

References:
Loureiro, M. R., et al. Building democratic institutions in contemporary Brazil: the transparency of public accounts. In Society and Organization Journal, 2008, 45--56.
Rodrigues, J. G. L. Control, transparency and access to information in the federal government of Brazil: the portal of transparency. In X International Congress of CLAD on State Reform and Public Administration (Santiago, Chile, October 18--21, 2005).

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Microsoft Word - p391-Matheus.doc391 Using Internet to Promote the Transparency and Fight Corruption: Latin American Transparency PortalsRicardo Matheus University of S o Paulo Ara jo Street, 124. S o ... promotion of this right. Examples of government initiatives to promote transparency are Transparency portals. The Transparency Portals, which are present in several Latin American countries, provide ... article examines the possibilities of using portals to promote the transparency and social control of public management as well as citizen ... survey through structured observation of the following Latin American portals: Transparency Portal, at Baja California, Mexico; Transparency Portal, in S o Carlos, Brazil; Portal Transparency, , in the municipality of Ca apava, in Brazil; the Transparency Portal, Trujillo, Peru; Transparent Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and the Transparency Portal, Federal Government of Brazil. Categories and Subject Descriptors J.1 ... Administrative Data Processing ? Government General Terms Management, Theory Keywords Transparency, , Electronic Government, Latin America, Transparency Portals 1. INTRODUCTION The intensified use of ICTs by government ... 2000. Electronic government can provide: greater efficiency, universal service, increase transparency, , state modernization, improvement citizens? quality of life and service ... of six government initiatives in combating corruption in public administration: Transparency Portal - Mexico, Transparency Portal - Peru, Transparency Portal of Sao Carlos, Ca apava, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil ... of Sao Carlos, Ca apava, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and Transparency Portal, Federal Government of Brazil. The use of ICTs for ... is seen as a way to create conditions for increasing transparency and social control, since it allows a greater possibility of ... to information about the procurement processes and, together with such transparency and the use of electronic government, the possibility of increased ...
... means that access is guaranteed, at various levels [5]. The Transparency Portals are sites that provide information on public spending, are ... municipality [4].However, several European authors point out the portals of transparency as a conduit between citizens and public administration, trying to ... citizens and public administration, trying to approach the portal of transparency through the approach of "life events"[1] or with important roles, ... "life events"[1] or with important roles, beyond pure promotion of transparency [2]. Furthermore, some authors suggest that although there is also ... high level of detail of information. 3. POSSIBILITIES OF PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY THROUGH THE PORTALS The Transparency Portal addresses have special features like the glossary that provides ... commitment; Transfer of Resources, among others. These initiatives portals leverage transparency by governments to combat corruption by the possibility of greater ... of the content available to government control by citizens. Usually Transparency Portals are presented in independent portals of the site of ... procurement portal, for example, that in addition to providing greater transparency of government procurement is also directed to a second public: ... audience is related to the transaction business government (G2B). The Transparency portals can promote a change in citizenship rights, because it ... communication, particularly the Internet, can enhance the possibilities for increased transparency in electronic government by basic processes such as procurement and ...
... M.R., et al.. Building democratic institutions in contemporary Brazil: the transparency of public accounts. In Society and Organization Journal, 2008, 45-56. ... and Organization Journal, 2008, 45-56. [4] Rodrigues, J.G. L. Control, transparency and access to information in the federal government of Brazil: ... information in the federal government of Brazil: the portal of transparency. . In X International Congress of CLAD on State Reform ...

Title:
From "Overview" to "Detail": An Exploration of Contextual Transparency for Public Transparent Interfaces

Keywords:
contextual transparency
public transparent interfaces
transparent displays

Abstract:
<p>This study explores the contextual transparency of information presented on public transparent user interfaces through the maintenance of adequate legibility. To address ... this issue, we investigate the relationship between the information and transparency in a shop context. In this paper, we present an ... paper, we present an experiment which examines the effects of transparency, , changing user's proximity, and information types on legibility with ... user's proximity, and information types on legibility with a public transparent information system. We report significant effects on performance and legibility, ... performance and legibility, and the results indicate the different contextual transparency related to the user's proximity, depending on whether the user ... the information or the environment. In addition, under the 50% transparency (25% and 50% levels) fit into the closer proximity while ... 50% levels) fit into the closer proximity while the 50% transparency offers more harmonious view in a distant context. The implications ... The implications of these results to the usability of public transparent

References:
Harrison, B. L., Ishii, H., Vicente, K. J. and Buxton, W. A. S. Transparent layered user interfaces: an evaluation of a display design to enhance focused and divided attention. In Proc. CHI'95, 317--324.
Harrison, B. L., Kurtenbach, G. and Vicente, K. J. An experimental evaluation of transparent user interface tools and information content. In Proc. UIST'95 (1995), 81--90.
Hirakawa, M., Kojima, Y., and Yoshitaka, A. Transparent interface: a seamless media space integrating the real and virtual worlds. In Proc. Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments, (2003), 120--122.
Li, J., Greenberg, S., Sharlin, E., and Jorge, J. Interactive Two-Sided Transparent Displays: Designing for Collaboration. In Proc. DIS'14 (2014) 395--404.
Luz, S., and Masoodian, M. Readability of a background map layer under a semi-transparent foreground layer. In Proc. AVI'14, 161--168.
McGookin, D., Herteleer, I., and Brewster, S. Transparency in mobile navigation. Ext. Abstracts CHI'11 ACM, (2011), 1903--1908.

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... Conference Paper FormatFrom "Overview" to "Detail": An Exploration of Contextual Transparency for Public Transparent Interfaces Heesun Kim, BoKyung Huh, SeungHyen Im, HaeYoun Jung, Gyu ... G13012, 023084, ghkwon, jhpark}@kist.re.kr ABSTRACT This study explores the contextual transparency of information presented on public transparent user interfaces through the maintenance of adequate legibility. To address ... this issue, we investigate the relationship between the information and transparency in a shop context. In this paper, we present an ... paper, we present an experiment which examines the effects of transparency, , changing user?s proximity, and information types on legibility with ... user?s proximity, and information types on legibility with a public transparent information system. We report significant effects on performance and legibility, ... performance and legibility, and the results indicate the different contextual transparency related to the user?s proximity, depending on whether the user ... on the information or not. In addition, under the 50% transparency (25% and 50% levels) fit into the closer proximity while ... 50% levels) fit into the closer proximity while the 50% transparency offers more harmonious view in a distant context. The implications ... The implications of these results to the usability of public transparent user interfaces and design recommendations are also discussed. Author Keywords ... interfaces and design recommendations are also discussed. Author Keywords Public transparent interfaces; transparent displays; contextual transparency; ; legibility. ACM Classification Keywords H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation ... a user?s simultaneous view of the environment behind the display, transparent, , i.e., see-through, displays have a challenge to redesign the ... a user interface. A challenge in presenting information on public transparent displays lies in the particular context where a user and ... traditional public displays [3, 6] seem convincing, but most public transparent displays have been used only for advertisements at a shop ... only for advertisements at a shop [10]. This is because transparent displays as a user interface have a matter of concern ... the display. Therefore, it is important to identify the appropriate transparency of information on display for more usable public transparent interfaces. In this paper we focus on transparency issue of public transparent ... information system at a shop context and investigate their appropriate transparency according to an empirical evaluation on the legibility. RELATED WORK ... A variety of prior studies are available on evaluations of transparent interface with varying transparency levels. Harrison et al. found that the degree of transparency relates to attentional trade-off [1] and the performance of task ... and the performance of task (e.g., menu selection) decreases with transparency levels on visual interfaces including text, line art and solid ... interfaces including text, line art and solid images [2]. For transparent displays, it is likely that displayed information and background can ... et al. evaluated subjective difficulties in reading the map using transparent displays [7]. A balance of subjective and objective evaluations can ... assess subjective legibility as well as the performance on public transparent displays for suggesting design recommendations related to the user experience. ... experience. In addition, although prior studies provide useful insights on transparent interfaces, they are not as relevant to real world context ... whole. To date, a majority of the technology to use transparency is for desktop and mobile systems [8], so spatial issues ... desktop and mobile systems [8], so spatial issues for public transparent interfaces (i.e., distance-dependent interaction [9]) have not been well addressed. ... [9]) have not been well addressed. To test the public transparent interface empirically, we suggest an adaptation of effective proximity with ... content. Depending on how closely the user approaches the public transparent display, it is conceivable that a public transparent interface provides relevant information and adjusts transparency accordingly. EXPERIMENT This experiment attempts to explore the contextual transparency of public transparent interfaces, this time varying both transparency
... the product. Therefore, we set up the context for public transparent displays in a shop context divided into two categories: ?overview?, ... 1. We decided to assess the effect of three different transparency levels (? {25%, 50%, and 75%}) based on the ... on the display, while the other display panel components remain transparent. . Consequently, we employed a 2 ? 3 ? 3 ... y Three information types: text, icon and image, y Three transparency levels (? ? {25%, 50%, 75%}) for displayed information All ... context to the detail context, the information type and the transparency was counterbalanced across the participants. SubjectsThe experiment included 20 participants ... standards and obtained IRB approval. Experimental Apparatus We used a transparent display prototype (see Figure 2) to create and run all ... the prototype as a showcase with backlights to control the transparency level. The 42" transparent LCD displayed 1920 ? 1080 pixels images with 30% transmittance ... 1080 pixels images with 30% transmittance and it provided maximum transparency for white pixels. The experimental stimuli were implemented by Unity ... Unity 3D (based on C# and JavaScript) and this public transparent information system recorded each user?s answers and log data for ... 2. Participants evaluated the performance and subjective legibility with the transparent display prototype Procedure and Measures The experiment started with a ... objects were equally presented on the upper parts of the transparent display prototype; Figure 1a). Once the participants answered either ?yes? ...
... In the Overview Context Performance: The mean response time per transparency levels showed an overall contrast between each information interpretation and ... interpretation and b) information interpretation by the information type, with transparency levels. It is important to note that a Repeated measures ... and image; Figure3 a). There was also main effects for transparency (F(2,38) = 14.59, p < .001) on the performance of ... the opposite trend between information and object interpretation across the transparency levels. Measure Transparency Information interpretation Object interpretation M SD M SD Perceived difficulty ... 5.29 1.17 3.50 1.36 75% 5.95 1.19 2.78 1.37 Measure Transparency Object related Information related M SD M SD Perceived distraction ... Mean results for perceived difficulty and perceived distraction across the transparency. . Regarding the perceived difficulty results, we found significant differences ... Regarding the perceived difficulty results, we found significant differences for transparency on both information interpretation (F(2,38) = 34.97, p < .001) ... Furthermore, a significant interaction between the information type and the transparency on perceived difficulty of object interpretation (F(4,76) = 3.06, p ... Perceived difficulty on object interpretation, grouped by information type with transparency levels. As in the perceived distraction, statistically significant effects of ... As in the perceived distraction, statistically significant effects of each transparency levels on the information-related distraction for object interpretation were found ... important to note that we found a significant effect of transparency (F(1.54, 29.19) = 4.94, p < .05) on perceived harmony, ... = 4.94, p < .05) on perceived harmony, as 50% transparency (M = 4.23, SD = 1.22) provided significantly more harmonious ... Moreover, a significant interaction between the information type and the transparency (F(2.76, 52.34) = 2.53, p < .05) was also found, ...
... did not reveal any significant differences with regard to all transparency levels; Figure 6b). In terms of perceived harmony ratings (see ... perceived harmony ratings (see Figure 7), pairwise comparisons show that transparency had a significant effect between 25% and 75% (Z = ... Demo Session March 29?April 1, 2015, Atlanta, GA, USA35DISCUSSION Contextual Transparency with Context and User?s focus The results from performance and ... focus The results from performance and legibility (with regard to transparency) ) show a trade-off trend, which is not surprising, between ... However these results can motivate further research to design public transparent user interfaces, depending on whether the user?s focus is on ... another important aspect to consider in the design of public transparent interfaces, especially for object interpretation. We found more significant effects ... for object interpretation. We found more significant effects due to transparency levels for object interpretation than for information interpretation in both ... that text was readable and rarely misread even in higher transparency. . Some stated that it is also more distinguishable from ... the object the user desires. In case of image, the transparency substantially affected the difficulty of object interpretation. Through feedback, participants ... difficulty in observing the object behind the image when the transparency level decreased. The contrast of color combinations on the display ... see object without information-related distraction in the detail context. Harmonious Transparency for Overview and Detail Contexts Beyond confirming the previous results ... a shop context, we note interesting observation that different harmonious transparency results in overview and detail contexts. In the overview context, ... in overview and detail contexts. In the overview context, 50% transparency appears to be harmonious for overall information presentation while the ... to be harmonious for overall information presentation while the lower transparency levels (25% and 50%) offer more harmonious view than 75% ... harmonious view than 75% in the detail context. In particular, transparency had less effect on the icon type than the others ... real object, we learned that the icon might allow designing transparent user interface to be free from the limits of transparency. . To achieve this, we should design an icon to ... object. In aggregate, as we found no significant effects of transparency on object interpretation in the detail context, it is reasonable ... the detail context, it is reasonable to suggest that lower transparency may be sufficient for public transparent interfaces in the detail context. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This ... beginning of the research to maintain adequate legibility on public transparent user interfaces, especially in a shop context. First of all, ... issues that need to be considered to design a public transparent user interface: information and transparency can be adapted to a user?s proximity while viewing a ... be adapted to a user?s proximity while viewing a public transparent display. Through empirical evaluation, the experimental results include the different ... Through empirical evaluation, the experimental results include the different contextual transparency related to the overview and detail contexts, showing a trade-off ... image) for the overview context, and the uptake of lower transparency for the detail context. Like most controlled user studies, this ...
... We also concurrently study to implement an intelligent change of transparency depending on the user?s proximity. As a user?s proximity changes, ... on the user?s proximity. As a user?s proximity changes, the transparent system may apply different transparencies to the information presented. In the future, we will assess ... UI and User Interaction Technology for more than 60" HD-level Transparent Flexible Display Applied Product Using Eye-tracking and Space Recognition]. REFERENCES ... Ishii, H., Vicente, K. J. and Buxton, W. A. S. Transparent layered user interfaces: an evaluation of a display design to ... Kurtenbach, G. and Vicente, K. J. An experimental evaluation of transparent user interface tools and information content. In Proc. UIST?95 (1995), ... (1995), 81-90. 3. Hirakawa, M., Kojima, Y., and Yoshitaka, A. Transparent interface: a seamless media space integrating the real and virtual ... J., Greenberg, S., Sharlin, E., and Jorge, J. Interactive Two-Sided Transparent Displays: Designing for Collaboration. In Proc. DIS?14 (2014) 395-404. 7. ... Masoodian, M. Readability of a background map layer under a semi-transparent foreground layer. In Proc. AVI?14, 161-168. 8. McGookin, D., Herteleer, ... AVI?14, 161-168. 8. McGookin, D., Herteleer, I., and Brewster, S. Transparency in mobile navigation. Ext. Abstracts CHI'11 ACM, (2011), 1903-1908. 9. ...

Title:
Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency

Keywords:
transparency picker
transparency perception

Abstract:
<p>Filter models of perceptual transparency relate to regularities in the retinal projections caused by light ... have been found to predict the color conditions for perceptual transparency more accurately than alternative models. An important but unsolved problem ... model parameters are related to the properties of the perceived transparent layer. We previously proposed a parametrization in terms of hue, ... for the analysis of existing stimuli and the generation of transparent overlays with predefined perceptual properties. The latter property makes it ...

References:
J. Beck. 1978. Additive and subtractive color mixture in color transparency. Perception 8 Psychophysics 23, 3 (1978), 265--267.
V. J. Chen and M. D’Zmura. 1998. Test of a convergence model for color transparency. Perception 27 (1998), 595--608.
M. D’Zmura, P. Colantoni, K. Knoblauch, and B. Lagèt. 1997. Color transparency. Perception 26 (1997), 471--492.
F. Faul and V. Ekroll. 2002. Psychophysical model of chromatic perceptual transparency based on subtractive color mixture. Journal of the Optical Society of America, A 19, 6 (2002), 1084--1095.
F. Faul and V. Ekroll. 2011. On the filter approach to perceptual transparency. Journal of Vision 11, 7 (2011), 1--33. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.7.7
F. Faul and V. Ekroll. 2012. Transparent layer constancy. Journal of Vision 12, 12 (2012), 1--26. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.12.7
B. G. Khang and Q. Zaidi. 2002. Accuracy of color scission for spectral transparencies. Journal of Vision 2, 6 (2002), 451--466. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.6.3
F. Metelli. 1974. The perception of transparency. Scientific American 230 (1974), 90--98.
S. Nakauchi, P. Silfsten, J. Parkkinen, and S. Usui. 1999. Computational theory of color transparency: Recovery of spectral properties for overlapping surfaces. Journal of the Optical Society of America, A 16, 11 (1999), 2612--2624.
W. Richards, J. J. Koenderink, and A. van Doorn. 2009. Transparency and imaginary colors. Journal of the Optical Society of America, A 26, 5 (2009), 1119--1128.
M. Singh and B. L. Anderson. 2002. Toward a perceptual theory of transparency. Psychological Review 109, 3 (2002), 492--519.
M. Singh and B. L. Anderson. 2006. Photometric determinants of perceived transparency. Vision Research 46 (2006), 879--894.
S. Westland and C. Ripamonti. 2000. Invariant cone-excitation ratios may predict transparency. Journal of the Optical Society of America, A 17, 2 (2000), 255--264.

Full Text:
... Spacefor Filter TransparencyFRANZ FAUL, Universita t Kiel, GermanyFilter models of perceptual transparency relate to regularities in the retinal projections caused by light ... have been found to predict the color conditions for perceptual transparency more accurately thanalternative models. An important but unsolved problem is ... the model parameters are related to the properties of theperceived transparent layer. We previously proposed a parametrization in terms of hue, ... for the analysis of existing stimuli and the generation of transparent overlays with predefined perceptualproperties. The latter property makes it suitable ... ? Computingmethodologies? Image manipulation;Additional Key Words and Phrases: Color perception, transparency perception, visualization, transparency pickerACM Reference Format:Franz Faul. 2017. Toward a perceptually uniform parameter ... Faul. 2017. Toward a perceptually uniform parameter space for filter transparency. . ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 14, 2,Article 13 (January 2017), ... 21 pages.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/30227321. INTRODUCTIONTraditionally, the color conditions of perceived perceptual transparency were described in a frame-work based on additive color mixture. ... forachromatic stimuli. Its basic idea that the color in the transparent region has to be a convex mixturebetween the colors of ... colors of a background texture and the color of a transparent overlay was later generalizedto the chromatic case [Da Pos 1989; ... Very similar ideas have been usedin computer graphics to produce transparent overlays in image compositing [Porter and Duff 1984].This predominance of ... Duff 1984].This predominance of additive models is surprising because most transparent objects in our envi-ronment are made of light-transmitting materials that ... materials that cause subtractive color mixture. Although filtermodels of perceived transparency that relate to this case have been considered not much ... single parameter0 ? ? ? 1 describes the degree of transparency, , (3) the computation is completely local, and (4) if ... which chromatic stimuli conforming to this model do not appear transparent ... [Chen andD?Zmura 1998], many physically realistic filter stimuli that appear transparent cannot be describedby the model [Westland and Ripamonti 2000; Faul ...
... 2.2) was found to describe the color conditions for perceptual transparency more precisely thanthe additive model. In Faul and Ekroll [2011], ... more closely related to the perceptual dimensions of the perceived transparent layer. In essence,the parameter ? , which is related to ... graphics program, because this renders it difficult to create a transparent over-lay with specific phenomenal properties and the nominal values of ... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:31.2 Goals of the Present ApproachThe goal of the ...
... more closely related to dimensions of the internal representation of transparent objects.The parameter vector ? , which is in the model ... alternative parametersare motivated by the changes in perceived properties of transparent filters observable under isolatedvariation of these parameters.The transformation from ? ...
Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:5Fig. 1. Illustration of the hue transform. The left ...
... necessary, be-cause available evidence suggests that the perceived color of transparent overlays is not completelyinvariant under illumination changes [Faul and Ekroll ... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:7Fig. 3. Illustration of the saturation transform. All filters ...
... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:9Fig. 5. Illustration of the transmittance transform. All filters ...
... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:11Fig. 7. The isolated variation of C, C?, S?, ...
... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:13Fig. 9. Transformation chains that can be used in ...
of these transformations in the analysis and construction of transpar- -ent overlays. The goal of an analysis is usually to ... the filter?s perceptual properties. Another common problem is togenerate a transparent overlay with specific perceptual properties. In this case, the best ... AND RESTRICTIONS5.1 Clipping at Monitor GamutsThe additive model of perceptual transparency describes a convex mixture between two colors: P =?A+ (1 ... a small effecton the resulting filter color. For instance, a transparent layer usually appears still uniform and in theexpected color if ...
... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:15Fig. 11. The gamut of filtered colors in front ... luminance contrast.of importance, for instance, in an implementation of a transparency picker (see later), then the bestchoice is to clip the ... this per-spective, it would be necessary to distinguish between two transparent media, namely, the veil thatcovers the whole stimulus and the ...
... a direct empirical approach is used to derive a uniform transparency space based on theHSVC parameter set proposed earlier. The observation ... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:17clear filters form a kind of second-order color space ...
... suggestseveral applications: (1) the transform may be used in a transparency picker of a graphics programthat allows a user to manipulate ... (2) the independence of the parameters makes it possibleto produce transparent overlays that vary in a single perceptual dimension, for instance, ... perceptual trans-parency that describes the perceived transmittance properties of the transparent overlay in terms ofhue, saturation, overall transmittance, and clarity. Here ... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:19B. TEST OF UNIFORM COLOR SPACESFigure 14 shows results ...
... 0.533REFERENCESJ. Beck. 1978. Additive and subtractive color mixture in color transparency. . Perception & Psychophysics 23, 3 (1978), 265?267.D. H. Brainard. ... M. D?Zmura. 1998. Test of a convergence model for color transparency. . Perception 27 (1998), 595?608.O. Da Pos. 1989. Trasparenze. Icone ... D?Zmura, P. Colantoni, K. Knoblauch, and B. Lage`t. 1997. Color transparency. . Perception 26 (1997), 471?492.R. M. Evans. 1959. Fluorescence and ... date: January 2017.Toward a Perceptually Uniform Parameter Space for Filter Transparency ? 13:21F. Faul and V. Ekroll. 2002. Psychophysical model of ... Faul and V. Ekroll. 2002. Psychophysical model of chromatic perceptual transparency based on subtractive color mixture.Journal of the Optical Society of ... and V. Ekroll. 2011. On the filter approach to perceptual transparency. . Journal of Vision 11, 7 (2011), 1?33. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.7.7F. Faul ... 11, 7 (2011), 1?33. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.7.7F. Faul and V. Ekroll. 2012. Transparent layer constancy. Journal of Vision 12, 12 (2012), 1?26. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.12.7J. ... and Q. Zaidi. 2002. Accuracy of color scission for spectral transparencies. . Journal of Vision 2, 6 (2002), 451?466.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.6.3J. J. Koenderink. ... of Vision 3 (2003), 573?585.F. Metelli. 1974. The perception of transparency. . Scientific American 230 (1974), 90?98.S. Nakauchi, P. Silfsten, J. ... J. Parkkinen, and S. Usui. 1999. Computational theory of color transparency:
... 253?259.W. Richards, J. J. Koenderink, and A. van Doorn. 2009. Transparency and imaginary colors. Journal of the Optical Society ofAmerica, A ... and B. L. Anderson. 2002. Toward a perceptual theory of transparency. . Psychological Review 109, 3 (2002), 492?519.M. Singh and B. ... Singh and B. L. Anderson. 2006. Photometric determinants of perceived transparency. . Vision Research 46 (2006), 879?894.A. R. Smith. 1978. Color ... Westland and C. Ripamonti. 2000. Invariant cone-excitation ratios may predict transparency. . Journal of the Optical Societyof America, A 17, 2 ...

Keywords:
transparency

Abstract:
... challenges inherit in making the Internet of Things (IoT) more transparent to users. We present a semantic framework for reasoning about ...

Full Text:
... the challenges inherit in making theInternet of Things (IoT) more transparent to users. Wepresent a semantic framework for reasoning about the ...
... a device change.We argue that in order to create a ?transparent? ? IoT ecosys-tem it is important to consider how to ... region.While the Trusted Tiny Things infrastructure is designedto provide greater transparency about the capabilities of IoTdevices, there are several limitations to ...

Title:
Improving the software testing skills of novices during onboarding through social transparency

Keywords:
Social Transparency

Abstract:
... proposes to improve the onboarding strategies with traits of social transparency in order to specifically address testing issues of inexperienced new ... to specifically address testing issues of inexperienced new hires. Social transparency has been shown to influence the testing behavior of development ...

References:
L. Dabbish, C. Stuart, J. Tsay, and J. Herbsleb. Social coding in github: transparency and collaboration in an open software repository, 2012.
H. C. Stuart, L. Dabbish, S. Kiesler, P. Kinnaird, and R. Kang. Social transparency in networked information exchange: a theoretical framework, 2012.

Full Text:
... thesis proposes to improve the onboarding strategieswith traits of social transparency in order to specifically ad-dress testing issues of inexperienced new ... Subject DescriptorsD.2.8 [Software Engineering]: Programming teamsGeneral TermsHuman FactorsKeywordsTesting, Onboarding, Social Transparency. .1. INTRODUCTIONSoftware Engineering is a multi-facetted discipline. Amongstother skills, the ...
... another with unprece-dented ease [14]. The high degree of social transparency[ [16] of social coding sites influences the development be-havior of ... development teams is influenced in an environmentwith a high social transparency. . We found strategies thatteams use to quickly diffuse their ... and adapted to their own needs.The open environment and social transparency traits madeit easier for contributors to understand the testing cultureand ...
... regarding the lack of testing skills through the useof social transparency. . With this goal in mind, several re-search questions need ... well and which do not and why?3. How can social transparency and its influence on test-ing behavior be used to help ...
... potential to make it more efficient by improving itwith social transparency traits. Thus, enabling the new hireto find some answers or ... will be the following:The recognition of the influences of social transparency onsystematic software testing and its targeted transferral ontotesting issues in ... which circumstances. I will usemy knowledge about the effects social transparency on test-ing behavior to adapt the successful strategies and enrichthem ... behavior to adapt the successful strategies and enrichthem with social transparency mechanisms. This will resultin the aforementioned catalogue of environments, issues ... transparencymechanisms. The next step is the transferral of those so-cial transparency mechanisms onto onboarding strategies.805It starts as soon as we have ...
... new hire and inquireabout the perceived impact of the social transparency traitsof the new onboarding process. This could ? for example? ... other newhires who completed the normal onboarding.6. PUBLICATIONSTesting and Social Transparency [11]: Groundedtheory study, conducted in August 2012. Investigated in-fluence of ... Groundedtheory study, conducted in August 2012. Investigated in-fluence of social transparency on testing behavior of soft-ware teams on social coding site. ... C. Stuart, J. Tsay, and J. Herbsleb. Socialcoding in github: transparency and collaboration in anopen software repository, 2012.[5] T. DeMarco and ... Stuart, L. Dabbish, S. Kiesler, P. Kinnaird, andR. Kang. Social transparency in networkedinformation exchange: a theoretical framework, 2012.[17] J. A. Whittaker, ...

Title:
Transparency Overlays and Applications

Keywords:
transparency

Abstract:
<p>In this paper, we initiate a formal study of transparency, , which in recent years has become an increasingly critical ... people place trust. We present the abstract concept of a transparency overlay, which can be used in conjunction with any system ... used in conjunction with any system to give it provable transparency ... guarantees, and then apply the overlay to two settings: Certificate Transparency and Bitcoin. In the latter setting, we show that the ... the latter setting, we show that the usage of our transparency overlay eliminates the need to engage in mining and allows ... a single small value rather than the entire blockchain. Our transparency overlay is generically constructed from a signature scheme and a ...

References:
B. Dowling, F. Günther, U. Herath, and D. Stebila. Secure logging schemes and Certificate Transparency. In Proceedings of ESORICS 2016, 2016. To appear.
B. Laurie, A. Langley, and E. Kasper. Certificate transparency, 2013.
M. S. Melara, A. Blankstein, J. Bonneau, E. W. Felten, and M. J. Freedman. CONIKS: Bringing key transparency to end users. In Proceedings of USENIX Security 2015, 2015.
M. D. Ryan. Enhanced certificate transparency and end-to-end encrypted mail. In Proceedings of NDSS 2014, 2014.

Full Text:
Transparency Overlays and ApplicationsMelissa ChaseMicrosoft Research Redmondmelissac@microsoft.comSarah MeiklejohnUniversity College Londons.meiklejohn@ucl.ac.ukABSTRACTIn this ... College Londons.meiklejohn@ucl.ac.ukABSTRACTIn this paper, we initiate a formal study of transparency, ,which in recent years has become an increasingly criticalrequirement for ... which people place trust.We present the abstract concept of a transparency overlay,which can be used in conjunction with any system to ... be used in conjunction with any system to give itprovable transparency ... guarantees, and then apply the over-lay to two settings: Certificate Transparency and Bitcoin.In the latter setting, we show that the usage ... store a single small value rather than theentire blockchain. Our transparency overlay is genericallyconstructed from a signature scheme and a new ... detected quickly, and misbehavingauthorities identified and excluded.While Bitcoin and Certificate Transparency provide solu-tions in different settings, they in fact share some ... in fact share some commonfeatures; most notably, they rely on transparency as a meansto achieve integrity. In Bitcoin, the ledger of ... the ledger of transactions ?called the blockchain ? is completely transparent, , meaningall Bitcoin transactions are globally visible. A similar prop-erty ... are globally visible. A similar prop-erty is provided in Certificate Transparency,
... contributions.Systems such as Bitcoin and CT seem to provide impor-tant transparency benefits (namely, the public auditabilitymentioned above), but the similarities and ... either the level of transparencythat they provide or how this transparency provides the in-tended benefits. In this paper, we initiate such ... does accomplish this), but more importantly to cre-ate an abstract transparency overlay that may be used toprovide these guarantees in a ... After defining this underlying primitive,we then go on to present transparency overlays in Section 4;here our design is heavily inspired by ... the design of CT. Webegin with a formal model for transparency overlays, andthen go on to present an abstract transparency overlay andprove its security.Armed with this abstract secure transparency overlay, wego on in Section 5 to demonstrate that CT ... but rather plug crucial components of the protocolinto our abstract transparency overlay. While this allows usto achieve a provably secure transparency overlay for Bit-coin, it more importantly also implies that ?regular? ... related both in terms of theapplications of Bitcoin and Certificate Transparency, , andin terms of the underlying primitives used to construct ...
... our knowledge, oursis the first paper to focus on the transparency property ofBitcoin, rather than its privacy or fairness guarantees.Aside from ... focused firmly on CT and not on theabstract properties of transparency overlays and how theycan be applied across a variety of ... while still satisfying a notion ofprovable security.2. BACKGROUND2.1 Certificate TransparencyCertificate Transparency (CT) was proposed in 2011 byBen Laurie and Adam Langley ... then publishes this certificate so that userscan check it. Certificate Transparency then provides an ex-tra layer on top of this basic ... log. As we use these addi-tional actors in our general transparency overlay, we deferfurther discussion of their roles and actions to ...
... blockchain is globally visible, it al-ready provides a degree of transparency that is higher thanthat of traditional financial transactions. In Section ... thanthat of traditional financial transactions. In Section 6, weapply a transparency overlay on top of Bitcoin and demon-strate that it provides ...
... achieve proofs that are logarithmic in the size ofthe list.4. TRANSPARENCY OVERLAYSIn this section, we present our main contributions. First,in Sections ... introduce both basic and aug-mented formal models for reasoning about transparency. .171Then, in Sections 4.3 and 4.4 we present a generic ...
... overlay.4.1 Basic overlaysIn order for a system to be made transparent, , we mustprovide an efficient mechanism for checking that the ... a list ofall events, so stateMo = (snap, eventsbad, events).A transparency overlay then requires five interactive pro-tocols; these are defined abstractly ... the size of the log.We define security for a basic transparency overlay interms of two properties: consistency, which says that apotentially ...
... m?MsgMo(i, j,m)(stateMo,m?, p, out)r?? Inspect[Monitor, i, j](1?, stateMo,m)return m?172Then the transparency overlay satisfies consistency if for allPT adversaries A there exists ... return ?(stateLS,m?, p, out)r?? Prot[LS, i, j](1?, stateLS,m)return m?Then the transparency overlay satisfies non-frameability iffor all PT adversaries A there exists ... such that Advframetrans,A(?) < ?(?).We then say that a basic transparency overlay is secure ifit satisfies consistency and non-frameability.Comparison with concurrent ... toproduce evidence of this omission.We then say that a pledged transparency overlay is secureif it satisfies consistency, non-frameability, and accountabil-ity.4.3 A ... secureif it satisfies consistency, non-frameability, and accountabil-ity.4.3 A generic pledged transparency overlayWe now present a generic version of a pledged trans-parency ...
... return 1 return ?Figure 2: The Log protocol for pledged transparency overlays.accepts. Either way, the log server updates the log; in ...
... eventsbad?(event, rcpt)16 return 1Figure 3: The CheckEntry protocol for pledged transparency overlays. The parts of the protocol that may not be ... anda proof of non-inclusion of that event).4.4 A generic basic transparency overlayA basic transparency overlay is essentially a simpler ver-sion of a pledged transparency overlay, so we do not give afull description of the ... in the basic variant. Thus, theLog protocol for a basic transparency overlay omits lines 4-5from Figure 2 but otherwise remains the ... Gossip protocol, in which the only significantmodification is that basic transparency overlays cannot pro-vide the second type of evidence (in which ... only of the two snapshots and a proof.As the basic transparency overlay thus involves only minormodifications to the pledged transparency overlay, we donot prove its security from scratch, but instead ... modified protocols and algorithms de-scribed above comprise a secure basic transparency overlay,as defined in Section 4.1.5. CERTIFICATE TRANSPARENCYIn this section, we ... is a secure pledged overlayAs depicted in Section 2, Certificate Transparency hasthree actors in the system Sys: a certificate authority CA, ...
... {cert} return {cert}The rest of the protocols needed for the transparency over-lay can be instantiated exactly as in Section 4.3, so ... directly and we can see that CT providesa secure pledged transparency overlay.5.2 Further security implicationsWe have just demonstrated that CT provides ...
... return fail return failFigure 5: The Gossip protocol for pledged transparency overlays. The optional part of the protocol is marked with ... be mitigated ? with minimal effect on the securityof the transparency overlay ? by omitting the optional partof Figure 5, in ... thus begin by pre-senting in Section 6.1 a secure basic transparency overlayfor Bitcoin.One might naturally wonder whether such a distinction ispurely ... wonder whether such a distinction ispurely pedantic; i.e., if overlaying transparency on top of atransparent system provides any actual benefits. To ... of both security and efficiency) thatare achieved by applying the transparency overlay. In par-ticular, we show that the addition of a ... CT-like4https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size177transparency overlay and the need for hash-based mining iseliminated.6.1 A transparency overlay for BitcoinAs depicted in Section 2, Bitcoin has three ...
... we can thus apply Theorem 4.4 to geta secure basic transparency overlay in the setting of Bitcoin.6.2 Further security implicationsBy applying ... in the setting of Bitcoin.6.2 Further security implicationsBy applying a transparency ... overlay to Bitcoin, we haveprovided a method for achieving provable transparency guar-antees in this setting. We have also achieved (in a ... users are willing to make the trust assumptions necessaryfor our transparency overlay ? namely, to assume that somehonest majority of a ... demonstrate the broadapplicability of our generic formalization, we proved thatCertificate Transparency (CT) is a secure transparency over-lay, and presented a Bitcoin-based transparency overlay thatachieves provable notions of security and significantly re-duces the ...
... USA, Oct. 27?31, 2008. ACMPress.[33] M. D. Ryan. Enhanced certificate transparency andend-to-end encrypted mail. In Proceedings of NDSS2014, 2014.179IntroductionOur contributions.Related work.BackgroundCertificate ... lists.Two instantiations of augmented DLCs.Transparency OverlaysBasic overlaysPledged overlaysA generic pledged transparency overlayA generic basic transparency overlayCertificate TransparencyCT is a secure pledged overlayFurther security implicationsPractical considerationsAmplifying ... is a secure pledged overlayFurther security implicationsPractical considerationsAmplifying Bitcoin's SecurityA transparency

Title:
Transparency in e-governance

Keywords:
transparency

Abstract:
... (ICTs), especially computers and the internet, realization of government informational transparency through digital channels has been at the core of contemporary ... the core of contemporary democratic governance. This paper presents public transparency in Taiwan, whose performance of electronic government development, especially in ... channel to receive and process FOI requests from citizens. As e-transparency is a critical way of governing and a basis for ...

References:
Florini, A. M. (1999). Does the Invisible Hand Need a Transparent Glove? The Politics of Transparency. Paper presented at the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics.
Kopits, G. (2000). "Transparency in Government Operations" paper prepared for the Conference on Transparency and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. May, Legal Department & the State and Civil Society Division of the Sustainable Development Department, Inter-American Development Bank.
Pina, V., L. Torres & Royo, S. (2007). Are ICT's improving transparency and accountability in the EU regional and local governments? An empirical study. Public Administration, 85(2): 449--472.
Research, Development, and Evaluation Commission (RDEC), Executive Yuan, Taiwan (2008). A Framework for analyzing the Transparency in Government. Taipei: RDEC, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
Welch, E. W. & Hinnant, C. C. (2002), "Internet use, transparency, and interactivity effects on trust in government", Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

Full Text:
Microsoft Word - p268-Shiang.doc268 Transparency in e-Governance Jing Shiang Department of Public Management and Policy, ... (ICTs), especially computers and the internet, realization of government informational transparency through digital channels has been at the core of contemporary ... the core of contemporary democratic governance. This paper presents public transparency in Taiwan, whose performance of electronic government development, especially in ... channel to receive and process FOI requests from citizens. As e-transparency is a critical way of governing and a basis for ... K.4.1 [Public Policy Issues]: Regulation General Terms Management Keywords FOI, Transparency, , Taiwan, ICTs 1. INTRODUCTION With widespread use and application ... (ICTs), especially computers and the internet, realization of government informational transparency through digital channels has been at the core of contemporary ... it is worthwhile investigating how public institutions in Taiwan put transparency into practice electronically in their official websites. This paper presents ... the supporting back office procedures and systems usage in providing transparency electronically. This research does so by surveying chief information officers ...
... effective public management, but also improve administration that is more transparent, , democratic, participative and responsive to social needs. ICTs are ... offer both the digitalization of public services and greater government transparency, , which allow users free, easy and appropriate access to ... multiple possibilities of new technologies this paper focuses on the transparency of governmental websites, one of the tools most widely used ... delivery service. There has been insufficient investigation to assess the transparency and democratization of governmental websites (Lo, 2008b). Governmental websites could ...
... and Evaluation Commission (RDEC) is in charge of e-government and e-transparency for the public sectors, the relevant government agency usually do ... the main purpose of this paper is to examine the e-transparency of Taiwan?s central and local governmental websites based on FOIA, ... in the following three aspects: plan, implementation and evaluation. 3. E-TRANSPARENCY IN TAIWAN Based on the position of applicant policy research, ...
... such necessary mechanisms are still absent, which hinders a high-scale e-transparency. . 5. CONCLUSION While international evaluation of e-governments has appeared ... websites in realizing democratic governance has generally been ignored. As e-transparency is a critical way of governing and a basis for ...
... Florini, A. M. (1999). Does the Invisible Hand Need a Transparent Glove? The Politics of Transparency. . Paper presented at the Annual World Bank Conference on ... of Public Administration, 35: xx-xx. (accepted) [8] Kopits, G. (2000). ?Transparency in Government Operations? paper prepared for the Conference on Transparency and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. May, Legal ... V., L. Torres & Royo, S. (2007). Are ICT's improving transparency and accountability in the EU regional and local governments? An ... Executive Yuan, Taiwan (2008). A Framework for 273 analyzing the Transparency in Government. Taipei: RDEC, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. [18] Shiang, Jing ...
... Welch, E. W. & Hinnant, C. C. (2002), ?Internet use, transparency, , and interactivity effects on trust in government?, Proceedings of ...

Keywords:
referential transparency

Abstract:
... map-closure is analogous to call/cc. Just as call/cc is a non-referentially-transparent mechanism that reifies the continuations that are only implicit in ... implicit in programs written in direct style, map-closure is a non-referentially-transparent mechanism that reifies the closure environments that are only implicit ...

Full Text:
... perspective, map-closureis analogous to call/cc. Just as call/cc is a non-referentially-transparent mechanism that reifies the continuations that are onlyimplicit in programs ... onlyimplicit in programs written in direct style, map-closure is a non-referentially-transparent mechanism that reifies the closure envi-ronments that are only implicit ... and features]: Procedures, functions, and subroutinesGeneral Terms Design, LanguagesKeywords Referential transparency, , Lambda lifting1. MotivationNonstandard interpretation is a powerful tool, with ...
... their environments to be empty.Note that map-closure is not referentially transparent. . More-over, the above formulation of map-closure is appropriate onlyfor ... topic for future research, as would be theformulation of a referentially-transparent construct for first-classnonstandard interpretation.Given map-closure, we can define a procedure ...

Title:
Improving the transparency of proxy injection in Java

Keywords:
transparency

Abstract:
... proxies support fine grained capabilities and offer the potential to transparently (i.e. with minimal human intervention) inject proxy-based functionality into an ... solutions based upon code transformation for addressing various limitations of transparency in existing approaches are considered and evaluated. Furthermore, the automation ... deployment of various (proxy-based) adaptive and test applications, demonstrates the transparency, , correctness, flexibility, and practicality of the solution. As the ...

References:
}}PHILIPPSEN, M. & ZENGER, M. (1997) JavaParty - Transparent Remote Objects in Java. Concurrency: Practice and Experience, 9, 1225--1242.
}}PRATIKAKIS, P., SPACCO, J. & HICKS, M. (2004) Transparent proxies for java futures. Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications. Vancouver, BC, Canada ACM New York, NY, USA.
}}RYAN, C. & WESTHORPE, C. (2004) Application Adaptation through Transparent and Portable Object Mobility in Java. IN TARI, Z. & MEERSMAN, R. (Eds.) International Symposium on Distributed Objects and Applications (DOA 2004). Larnaca, Cyprus, Springer-Verlag.

Full Text:
Improving the transparency of proxy injection in JavaImproving the Transparency of Proxy Injection in Java Hendrik Gani and Caspar Ryan ... proxies support fine grained capabilities and offer the potential to transparently (i.e. with minimal human intervention) inject proxy-based functionality into an ... solutions based upon code transformation for addressing various limitations of transparency in existing approaches are considered and evaluated. Furthermore, the automation ... deployment of various (proxy-based) adaptive and test applications, demonstrates the transparency, , correctness, flexibility, and practicality of the solution. As the ... similar issues in other object-oriented languages. . Keywords: Proxy, Object, Transparency, , Transformation 1 Introduction In the general sense, a proxy ... an application to dynamically reconfigure themselves (e.g. changing its behaviour) transparently, , i.e. without the awareness of the rest of the ... the application. In particular, this paper aims to improve the transparency of object-level proxies in order to enable the injection of ... to reduce intervention from the application developers and thus improve transparency. . Several general-purposed code transformation tools for generating and modifying ...
... Although these tools play an important role in leveraging development transparency; ; it is beyond the scope of this paper to ... for introducing proxies in an existing non-proxy application, the more transparent the solution. The rest of the paper is structured as ... improvement in the approaches as well as certain aspects of transparency that have not been addressed. Section 3 proposes and compares ... by a discussion (section 4) of the evaluation of the transparency, , correctness, and the impact that the proposed solutions have ... with a summary and a discussion of future work. 2 Transparency Issues This section discusses the fundamental issues of proxy transparency that this paper aims to address. The discussion also includes ... automatic code modification to minimise development effort and thus improve transparency. . Nevertheless, certain transparency aspects of the existing approaches have not been addressed, while ... or extended. Consequently, this paper aims to provide a more transparent approach by addressing these aspects/issues. Section 2.1 ? 2.8 will ... 2.1 ? 2.8 will discuss the fundamental issues of proxy transparency as well as how they were approached in the previous ... a solution for allowing the proxy class to be used transparently in place of the original class. In this approach, an ...
... likely break existing dependent code. In order to improve proxy transparency, , this paper proposes and compares several alternative proxy class ... of proxy-related code, there has to be a mechanism to transparently acquire the proxy instances. Some technologies such as Java RMI ... such as EJB 3.0 (Sun Microsystems, 1994-2008b) provide a more transparent solution by utilising a concept called dependency injection, which prevents ... - Computer Science 200956the initialisation phase. Although this approach improves transparency by removing the need for explicit instantiation, applications have to ... proxy approach used by JavaParty and J-Orchestra provides a fully transparent way of instantiating a proxy since the proxy is named ... that the instantiation of the target/original class itself is done transparently (from the client?s point of view) by the proxy. Though ... Methods of a target/proxied object can be invoked in a transparent manner via method call forwarding, i.e. forward the call from ...
... passed or returned from a remote machine. This approach is transparent to the developer however it has the shortcoming in that ... whether a certain object is of a certain type. A transparent proxy approach should maintain type compatibility between the proxy class ... use of ?instanceof? keyword returns correct results. 3 Addressing Proxy Transparency This section presents several solutions involving code transformation for addressing ... section presents several solutions involving code transformation for addressing the transparency issues discussed in section 2 as well as other issues ... then follows with some discussions on specific aspects of the transparency solution, which are classified and structured according to the classes ... knowledge to reduce the overhead that results from the proposed transparency solution. In reality the application deployer should have a reasonable ...
... this approach is that it does not support dynamic and transparent wrapping/unwrapping of proxies, i.e. dynamically swap a proxy with the ...
... constructor could have a negative impact on performance, efficiency and transparency (e.g. modifying certain data/states). For the same reason, declaration-time field ...
... discusses the modifications of the implementation class required to maximise transparency in the proposed proxy approaches. Unlike the proxy class, the ... parent method. 3.4 Client Class Transformation This section addresses the transparency issues that are most appropriately solved by transforming client classes, ... affect other classes. 3.4.1 Proxied Class Instantiation This section addresses transparent proxy instantiation (as introduced in section 2.2) for the proposed ...
inheritance structure. The transparency is achieved by modifying the instantiation of a proxied/original class ... 10. Handling Comparison Fig 11. Testing Proxy Comparison 3.5 Reducing Transparency Overhead This section addresses the configurability of the proposed proxy ... that are introduced as a result of making them more transparent. . Firstly, the transformation should allow the application deployer to ...
... to the development of various applications to demonstrate both the transparency and practicality of the solution, as well as providing a ...
... reflective instantiation and field access impose more overhead for the transparent approach due to the required runtime checking, with 20% more ... paper has presented and evaluated solutions to various limitations of transparency in existing proxy-based approaches, demonstrating that transparency can be improved with acceptable overheads. Furthermore, the automation of ... the deployment of various adaptive and test applications, demonstrates the transparency, , practicality, correctness, and flexibility of the solutions. While the ... of Technology. PHILIPPSEN, M. & ZENGER, M. (1997) JavaParty - Transparent Remote Objects in Java. Concurrency: Practice and Experience, 9, 1225-1242. ... 9, 1225-1242. PRATIKAKIS, P., SPACCO, J. & HICKS, M. (2004) Transparent proxies for java futures. Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems ... Systems. RYAN, C. & WESTHORPE, C. (2004) Application Adaptation through Transparent and Portable Object Mobility in Java. IN TARI, Z. & ...

Keywords:
stochastic transparency

Abstract:
<p>This paper extends the stochastic transparency algorithm that models partial coverage to also model wavelength-varying transmission. ...

References:
Enderton, E., Sintorn, E., Shirley, P., and Luebke, D. 2010. Stochastic transparency. In Proc. of the 2010 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games, ACM, New York, NY.
Sintorn, E., and Assarsson, U. 2009. Hair self shadowing and transparency depth ordering using occupancy maps. In Proc. of SI3D 2009, 67--74.

Full Text:
... the scene shown in figure 1.AbstractThis paper extends the stochastic transparency algorithm that mod-els partial coverage to also model wavelength-varying transmission.It ...
... modelspartial coverage by a binary sample coverage mask of fully-opaqueand fully-transparent elements. The fraction of fully-opaque ele-ments is equal to the ... for both eye and shadow rays.At its simplest, their stochastic transparency shadow map is an or-dinary shadow map rendered with a ... or-dinary shadow map rendered with a random screen-door mask foreach transparent triangle. CSSM extends this algorithm to coloredtranslucency and optimizes it ...
... rayvisibility, e.g., the painter?s algorithm, depth peeling, or an order-independent transparency method.There are two drawbacks to the CSSM1 algorithm. The first ... stochastic sampling during shadowmap generation and is inherited from stochastic transparency, , whichalso requires many samples per pixel.CSSM1 ALGORITHMgenerateShadowMap():1. For each ...
... remainscolorless despite the blue transmitter because that algorithm cannotrepresent colored transparency. . The Fil09 [Filion and McNaughton2008] result (not shown) has ...
... reasonable with many fewer samples than one would need forstochastic transparency of eye rays. For static lights and objects,shadow noise is ... We cannotapply the CSSM reconstruction filter directly to colored stochas-tic transparency for eye rays because they would blur edges in theimage ... shadowing.In general, we suspect that stochastic techniques for rasterizationlike stochastic transparency and CSSM offer so many advantagesthat they will become widespread. ... 99?107.ENDERTON, E., SINTORN, E., SHIRLEY, P., AND LUEBKE, D.2010. Stochastic transparency. . In Proc. of the 2010 symposiumon Interactive 3D graphics ...
... USA, 283?291.SINTORN, E., AND ASSARSSON, U. 2009. Hair self shadowingand transparency depth ordering using occupancy maps. In Proc.of SI3D 2009, 67?74.SUNG, ...

Title:
Binocular cursor: enabling selection on transparent displays troubled by binocular parallax

Keywords:
transparent display

Abstract:
... is a problem for any interaction system that has a transparent display and objects behind it, as users will see duplicated ...

References:
Lee, J., Bae, S., Jung, J., & Choi, H. (2012). Transparent display interaction without binocular parallax. Adj. Proc. UIST'12, 97--98.
Schmalstieg, D., Encarnação, L., & Szalavári, Z. (1999). Using transparent props for interaction with the virtual table. Proc. I3D'99, 147--153.

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Binocular cursor: enabling selection on transparent displays troubled by binocular parallaxBinocular Cursor: Enabling Selection on Transparent Displays Troubled by Binocular Parallax Joon Hyub Lee, Seok-Hyung Bae ... is a problem for any interaction system that has a transparent display and objects behind it, as users will see duplicated ... more precise, depending on the design of BC. Author Keywords: Transparent display; binocular parallax. ACM Classification: H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: ... Interfaces - interaction styles. General Terms: Design; Human Factors. INTRODUCTION Transparent displays are on the verge of commercialization. Users can look ... Users can look at physical and virtual objects through a transparent display, and combined with touch capability and augmentation techniques, they ... with it, even without additional gears. However, unlike opaque displays, transparent displays are affected by binocular parallax, which occurs because a ... user looks concurrently at objects at differ-ent distances through a transparent display and interacts with them, the parallax can potentially degrade ... from the fingertip (simulating comfortable arm length inter-action on a transparent tablet), and a 4 cm diameter Ping-Pong ball (simulating the ... difficult. Figure 1. Binocular parallax can render interaction through a transparent tablet difficult (a). Images from left and right eyes are ... through appropriate visualization of the selection point. RELATED WORK A transparent display can serve as an augmentation window and display useful ... it is mobile and touch-enabled, a user can use the ?transparent tablet? to look at out-of-reach visual content such as a ... vision can cause ambiguity (Figure 1). Some setups that use transparent panels as reflectors [3, 4] are configured such that when ... parallax. We note that only the setups that use a transparent display as is [6], not as a reflector, are affected. ...
... touch input. Thus, an unambiguous selec-tion technique specific to touch-capable transparent dis-plays remains to be studied. BINOCULAR SELECTABILITY DISCRIMINANT We define ... problem when a user performs a selection task on a transparent tablet. We chose selection because it is often essential for ... with an eye-to-eye distance of ?L? (~7 cm) holds the transparent display at distance ?D? (~45 cm), and attempts to select ... the object [10], causing any imagery displayed on the nearer transparent tablet to become dupli-cated and overlapped. To avoid this, visualization ... Cursor (BC), which visualizes the selection point directly on the transparent tablet, taking ad-vantage of the duplicating/overlapping phenomenon, rather than being ...
... more precise than +BCs. Apparatus & Implementation We created a transparent tablet using a 15? pressure-sensitive transparent overlay panel, a commercially availa-ble component that adds basic single ... projection area on the distant wall with that of the transparent tablet in the perspective of each of the two eyes. ... eye dominant. Figure 7. The experiment setup (a); rear-projected, touch-sensitive transparent display (b); a combined image to simulate the user?s view ...
... to do so because he/she would be holding the mo-bile transparent tablet with it. Still, monocular image plane interaction by itself ... shows BC?s usefulness. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Unlike opaque displays, transparent displays are inherently susceptible to usability degradations caused by binocular ... BC with higher DOF so that both the face and transparent tablet can move, and evaluate it in actual application. REFERENCES ... Lee, J., Bae, S., Jung, J., & Choi, H. (2012). Transparent display interaction without binocular parallax. Adj. Proc. UIST'12, 97-98. 8. ... 9. Schmalstieg, D., Encarna o, L., & Szalav ri, Z. (1999). Using transparent props for interaction with the virtual table. Proc. I3D'99, 147-153. ...

Title:
Trusted tiny things: making the internet of things more transparent to users

Keywords:
transparency

Abstract:
... challenges inherent in making the Internet of Things (IoT) more transparent to users. This paper discusses plans for a lightweight semantic ...

Full Text:
Trusted tiny things: making the internet of things more transparent to usersTrusted Tiny Things: Making the Internet of Things MoreTransparent ... the challenges inherent in makingthe Internet of Things (IoT) more transparent to users. Thispaper discusses plans for a lightweight semantic model ...
... users of violations.The proposed research should help to stimulate debateabout transparency and user control in the IoT. This workalso has the ...

Title:
Combating corruption through transparency: how have e-government investments affected levels of accountability in Brazil?

Keywords:
transparency

Abstract:
<p>Transparency has often been hailed as one of the main mechanisms ... what has already been done, and demonstrate why investments in transparency have not achieved the desired results by conducting an interpretive ...

References:
Avila, R., Chak, S., Gomicki, J., Victor, K., Presley, S., Fibeiro, M., et al. 2010. Technology for Transparency: The role of technology and citizen media in promoting transparency, accountability, and civic participation. DOI= http://www.colombiadigital.net/newcd/dmdocuments/164.%20Citizen%20media.pdf
Banninster, Frank; Connolly, Regina. 2011. 'The Trouble with Transparency: A Critical Review of Openness in e-Government", Policy & Internet 3(1).
Bertot, J. C.; Jaeger, P. T.; Grimes, J. M. 2010. 'Using ICT to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies', Government Information Quarterly 27.
Calland, R.; Bentley, K. 2013. 'The Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives: Freedom of Information', Development Policy Review 31(1).
Carlitz, R. 2013. 'Improving Transparency and Accountability in the Budget Process: An Assessment of Recent Initiatives', Development Policy Review 31(1).
Fox, Jonathan A. (2007. 'The Uncertain Relationship Between Transparency and Accountability', Development in Practice 17(4): 663--671.
Fox, Jonathan A.; Haight, Libby. 2011. 'Transparency Reforms: Theory and Practice', Research in Social Problems and Public Policy 19: 353--379.
Grimmelikhuijsen, Stephan G. 2010. 'Transparency of Public Decision-Making: Towards Trust in Local Government?', Policy & Internet 2(1).
Heald, D. 2012. 'Why is transparency about public expenditure so elusive?', International Review of Administrative Sciences 78.
Hood, Christopher 2010. 'Accountability and Transparency: Siamese Twins, Matching Parts, Awkward Couple?' West European Politics 33(5): 989--1009.
Margetts, Helen 2011. 'The Internet and Transparency', The Political Quarterly 82(4): 518--521.
Martinez, Tatiana M. 2012. 'The Dynamics Between Transparency, Accountability, and e-Governance: A Case-Study of Brazil'. MSc Dissertation (Distinction). Department of Government, London School of Economics and Political Science.
McGee, R., & Gaventa, J. 2010. Review of Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives: Synthesis Report.

Full Text:
Proceedings Template - WORD528 Combating Corruption Through Transparency: : How Have e-Government Investments Affected Levels of Accountability in ... London WC2A 2AE +44 7 414 616 228 t.m.martinez@lse.ac.uk ABSTRACT Transparency has often been hailed as one of the main mechanisms ... what has already been done, and demonstrate why investments in transparency have not achieved the desired results by conducting an interpretive ... K.4.3 [Organizational Impacts] General Terms Management, Performance, Reliability, Theory Keywords Transparency; ; Accountability; Corruption 1. INTRODUCTION Corruption has been heavily researched ... of trust placed in institutions?. In order to combat corruption, transparency has been one of the most recommended solutions (Grimmelikhuijsen 2010), ... as demonstrated in previous research (Martinez 2012), the link between transparency and accountability is not always immediately identifiable and in some ... used to enhance democratic aspects within a country such as transparency, ... , accountability, and participation. According to McGee and Gaventa (2010), transparency and accountability are greatly conceived as being critical to correcting ... correcting democratic shortfalls. Thus, by this rationale, efforts to increase transparency should result in increasing levels of accountability, which in turn ... 1). Furthermore, scholars observe that the best way of achieving transparency is through the use of technology, most notably in the ... the use of technology, most notably in the form of transparency portals (Pina, Torres and Royo 2010; Bertot, Jaeger and Grimes ... of statistical analyses that, despite demonstrating that a correlation between transparency investments and lower levels of corruption does in Permission to ...
... is a lack of evidence corroborating the effectiveness of technology-mediated transparency, , in addition to a lack of studies that can ... of studies that can effectively demonstrate the causal mechanisms between transparency and accountability. Gaventa and McGee (2013) further add that most ... recently, some scholars have started to contest this idea whereby transparency and accountability are not bound together, and one does not ... these are still ?minority voices?. Figure 1. Principal-Agency Model for Transparency Indeed, in the instance of Brazil and its efforts to ... in the instance of Brazil and its efforts to increase transparency through technological means, this is surely not the case. In ... previous study (Martinez 2012), I concluded that despite best efforts, transparency did not result in accountability, nor was it effective in ... previously, e-government is seen as the platform towards achieving greater transparency, , thus increasing levels of accountability and curbing corruption. It ...
... from what has been previously published, I therefore contend that transparency systems are socio-technical systems and I therefore adopt Law and ... policy-makers? future investments. 3.2 Research Question Why have investments in transparency systems failed to increase accountability and curb corruption? ?Transparency systems? here is understood to be transparency mechanisms enabled by technology. The deployment of a transparency portal extends beyond the mere implementation of 530 the web ... to refer to the object of my study as a ?transparency system?. Other scholars have referred to it as ?e-transparency? ? or ?open government?, however, it is my opinion that ... My research will represent a new approach of looking at transparency systems, breaking away from traditional positivist research, and instead relying ... subjected (Orlikowski and Baroudi 2002). Therefore, in my research design, transparency systems are shaped and constrained by the social order of ... social order of which we are a part of. How transparency systems are therefore implemented and utilized is directly related to ... and utilized is directly related to an individual?s view on transparency and the role of information itself, in addition to how ... the various stakeholders involved (internal to government and external) and transparency ... systems would therefore be the result of pre-existent institutional relationships. Transparency systems cannot therefore be seen as objective technical artefacts. 4.2 ... identify actual causal mechanisms as to why the investment in transparency systems has failed to curb corruption and translate into accountability. ... this field which tend to confirm the general proposition that transparency investments equal accountability. My intention with this PhD however is ...
... therefore achieve this aim and study whether a link between transparency and accountability can exist or not, I will conduct a ... leads me down the path of exploring the links between transparency and accountability, as it pertains to corruption. Thus, the decision ... to study individual incidences of corruption, analysing the impact of transparency systems have in the discovery of such incidences seems appropriate. ... identified Brazil as an outlier to the mainstream proposition that transparency automatically translates into accountability (Martinez 2012). Secondly, such a design ... K., Presley, S., Fibeiro, M., et al. 2010. Technology for Transparency: ... : The role of technology and citizen media in promoting transparency, , accountability, and civic participation. DOI= http://www.colombiadigital.net/newcd/dmdocuments/164.%20Citizen%20media.pdf [3] Banninster, Frank; ... http://www.colombiadigital.net/newcd/dmdocuments/164.%20Citizen%20media.pdf [3] Banninster, Frank; Connolly, Regina. 2011. ?The Trouble with Transparency: : A Critical Review of Openness in e-Government?, Policy & ... Grimes, J.M. 2010. 'Using ICT to create a culture of transparency: : E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools ... Calland, R.; Bentley, K. 2013. 'The Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives: Freedom of Information', Development Policy Review 31(1). ... Information', Development Policy Review 31(1). [7] Carlitz, R. 2013. 'Improving Transparency and Accountability in the Budget Process: An Assessment of Recent ...
... http://www.dn.pt/inicio/globo/interior.aspx?content_id=1915676&seccao=CPLP [10] Fox, Jonathan A. (2007. ?The Uncertain Relationship Between Transparency and Accountability?, Development in Practice 17(4): 663-671. [11] Fox, Jonathan ... Practice 17(4): 663-671. [11] Fox, Jonathan A.; Haight, Libby. 2011. ?Transparency Reforms: Theory and Practice?, Research in Social Problems and Public ... and Public Policy 19: 353-379. [12] Grimmelikhuijsen, Stephan G. 2010. 'Transparency of Public Decision-Making: Towards Trust in Local Government?', Policy & ... Policy & Internet 2(1). [13] Heald, D. 2012. 'Why is transparency about public expenditure so elusive?', International Review of Administrative Sciences ... Government Information Quarterly 24(2). [15] Hood, Christopher 2010. ?Accountability and Transparency: : Siamese Twins, Matching Parts, Awkward Couple?? West European Politics ... Cambridge: MIT Press. [17] Margetts, Helen 2011. ?The Internet and Transparency? ?, The Political Quarterly 82(4): 518-521. [18] Martinez, Tatiana M. ... 82(4): 518-521. [18] Martinez, Tatiana M. 2012. ?The Dynamics Between Transparency, , Accountability, and e-Governance: A Case-Study of Brazil?. MSc Dissertation ... & Gaventa, J. 2010. Review of Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives: Synthesis Report. [20] Meijer, A. 2001. 'Electronic ...

Keywords:
government transparency

Title:
Techniques for improving the visibility and "sharability" of semi-transparent video in shared workspaces

Keywords:
semi-transparency

Abstract:
<p>Semi-transparency increases the amount of information that interfaces can expose in ... We have previously explored the application of a full screen, semi-transparent video window in a collaborative, distributed software environment in an ... software development. Our experience with the system suggests that, while semi-transparent video can improve aspects of distributed collaborations, two problems emerge. ...

References:
D. Stotts, J. Smith, and K. Gyllstrom. Support for distributed pair programming in the transparent video facetop. In XP/Agile Universe 2004, pages 92--104, 2004.
D. Stotts, J. M. Smith, and K. Gyllstrom. Facespace: endo- and exo-spatial hypermedia in the transparent video facetop. In Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM conference on Hypertext & hypermedia, pages 48--57. ACM Press, 2004.

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Techniques for Improving the Visibility and ?Sharability" ofSemi-transparent Video in Shared WorkspacesKarl Gyllstrom, Dorian Miller, David StottsDepartment of ... North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, 27514 USA{karl, dorianm, stotts}@cs.unc.eduABSTRACTSemi-transparency increases the amount of information thatinterfaces can expose in a ... We have previously explored the appli-cation of a full screen, semi-transparent video window in acollaborative, distributed software environment in an effortto ... group software development. Our experience with thesystem suggests that, while semi-transparent video can im-prove aspects of distributed collaborations, two problemsemerge. First, ... H.5.3 [Groupand Organization Interfaces]: Computer-supported co-operative workGeneral TermsHuman Factors, DesignKeywordsVideoconferencing, Semi-transparency, , collaboration1. INTRODUCTIONPair programming research has revealed numerous bene-fits when ... video image of another participant onto one?s desktopthrough a full-screen, semi-transparent overlay that allowsthe content of a shared workspace and the ... in some scenarios, which wewill describe below.1.1 Visual Data ObfuscationWhile semi-transparent overlays are often effective at en-hancing the amount of on ...
confusing data.space via semi-transparent overlay, there is little interfer-ence between the two windows and ... the visual content of two windowsare much less amenable to transparent overlays. This is typ-ically the case when the visual data ... switch be-tween windows or screen location. Finally, integrating videoas a transparent overlay rather than an independent, opaquewindow frees up considerable screen ...
the semi-transparent video window prohibitively detracted from thevisibility of the x-ray images. ... not corresponding to the edges of an object are renderedcompletely transparently, , allowing the underlying pixels tobe represented in full fidelity. ... over the normal videoimage, and the user can adjust the transparency level of eachimage independently. Since the normal video causes moreinterference ... values, such that all pure white pixelsare rendered with total transparency, , or an alpha value of 0in the RGBA colorspace. ...
... that all pixels not withinthe mask?s boundaries are rendered fully transparent, , we areable to recover an image where only the ...
... with variouscompositing techniques including silhouettes, opaque imagesof the arms, or semi-transparent images, although there isno support for faces nor application sharing ... Fur-thermore, we have extended this work by adding facilitiesfor automated transparency adjustment and background re-moval to avoid cluttered video.WinCuts[10] provides novel ... present a technique called ?multi-blending? which improves the visibility of transparent over-lays for certain content types. By stripping color from tex-tual ... types. By stripping color from tex-tual overlays and rendering fully transparent all pixels whichdo not correspond to edges, multiblending is able ... overcoming the challenges inherent in the integrationof framebuffer sharing and semi-transparent video overlays.Furthermore, we extended existing methods of screen shar-ing to ... Smith, and K. Gyllstrom. Support fordistributed pair programming in the transparent videofacetop. In XP/Agile Universe 2004, pages 92?104,2004.[9] D. Stotts, J. ...

Keywords:
financial transparency

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... Behavioral Sciences]: Economics General Terms Economics. Keywords Open government, financial transparency. . 1. INTRODUCTION Govwiki.us is a project designed to increase ...

Title:
GovWILD: integrating open government data for transparency

Keywords:
transparency

Abstract:
... publish a variety of data on the web to enable transparency, , foster applications, and to satisfy legal obligations. Data content, ...

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... organizations publish a variety of data onthe web to enable transparency, , foster applications, and tosatisfy legal obligations. Data content, format, ... government agencies isespecially outstanding. Open Government Data is meant toprovide transparency of governmental functions. But alsohere, the vast amount of government ...
... we overcome this heterogeneity and thusfacilitate a higher level of transparency by providing a cleanand integrated view on the data. So ...

Title:
Changing the Appearance of Physical Interfaces Through Controlled Transparency

Keywords:
transparency control

Abstract:
... <p>We present physical interfaces that change their appearance through controlled transparency. . These <i>transparency- -controlled physical interfaces</i> are well suited for applications where communication ... parts by laser cutting and folding a single sheet of transparency- -controlled material. Electrical connections are engraved in the surface, eliminating ... holes or nesting of objects. We explore the benefits of transparency- -controlled physical interfaces by characterizing their design space and showcase ...

References:
Li, J., Greenberg, S., Sharlin, E., and Jorge, J. Interactive Two-Sided Transparent Displays: Designing for Collaboration. In Proc. DIS'14.
Lindlbauer, D., Aoki, T., Walter, R., UEMA, Y., Höchtl, A., Haller, M., Inami, M., and Müller, J. Tracs: Transparency-control for see-through displays. In Proc. UIST'14.
Sharma, A., Liu, L., and Maes, P. Glassified: An augmented ruler based on a transparent display for real-time interactions with paper. In Proc. UIST '13 Adjunct.

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... We create physical interfaces which alter their appearance through controlled transparency. . This is achieved by cutting and folding objectsfrom a ... achieved by cutting and folding objectsfrom a single sheet of transparency- -controlled material (left). Parts of an interface are controlled individually, ... (right).ABSTRACTWe present physical interfaces that change their appear-ance through controlled transparency. . These transparency- -controlled physical interfaces are well suited for applicationswhere communication through ... controllable partsby laser cutting and folding a single sheet of transparency- -controlled material. Electrical connections are engraved inthe surface, eliminating the ... apparent holes or nesting ofobjects. We explore the benefits of transparency- -controlledphysical interfaces by characterizing their design space andshowcase four physical ... avatar, and a lamp shade with dynamic appearance.Author Keywordsdynamic appearance; transparency control;Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or ... of motorizedinterfaces to shrink in volume.In this work, we introduce transparency- -controlled physicalinterfaces. These interfaces change their appearance (i. e.perceived shape) ... interfaces change their appearance (i. e.perceived shape) by changing their transparency. . This en-ables toggling the visibility of parts of objects ... parts of objects for commu-nicating information or for hedonic purposes. Transparency- -controlled physical interfaces enable the illusion of changesin shape, volume, ... Appearance changes rapidly (with our currentimplementation ?8 ms to turn transparent; ; ?80 ms to turnopaque) and does not involve any ... sincethe ability for optical change is built into the device.425While transparency- -controlled physical interfaces changetheir appearance (i. e. simulated shape change), ... and optical properties, the space of possibleinteractions can be expanded. Transparency- -controlled phys-ical interfaces are well suited in situations where no ...
... polymer-dispersed liquidcrystal (PDLC) switchable diffuser. This material transitionsbetween opaque and transparent rapidly when voltage is ap-plied and requires very little energy. ... We provide a conceptual addition to conventional shape-changing interfaces through transparency- -controlled phys-ical interfaces. We explore the design space of these ... challenges.? We demonstrate a simple production process for creat-ing 3D transparency- -controlled physical interfaces throughorigami-like folding, with electrical routing being includedin ... consume little energy.? We present algorithms for semi-automatic generation of3D transparency- -controlled physical interfaces based on agiven crease pattern.? We showcase ... forcamouflaging objects. Iwai and Sato [17] rendered objectson a desk transparent by projecting underlying contents ontothem. Projection mapping requires calibration and ... work, most aforementioned approaches arenot able to render an object transparent. . Simulating trans-parent surfaces with projection mapping requires techniquessuch as ... be too low for creating a high quality illu-sion of transparency. . Our approach does not require any in-strumentation or tracking, ...
... g.426ContinuousBinaryControl TypeObjectOpen objectClosed objectNested objectControl AreaEntireSegmentedFaceFullSpriteSegmentedCompositionStandaloneCompoundFigure 2. Design space for transparency- -controlled physical interfaces. Gray areas indicate opaque state, dashed areas ... interaction and complemen-tary to work on existing shape-changing interfaces.Transparency and transparency- -controlIn HCI, transparency and transparency control have so farmostly been used for display technologies as ... used for display technologies as well as for ar-chitectural purposes. Transparent displays such as Clear-board [15], the work of Olwal et ... interaction, communication and collaboration.With Tracs, we introduced the idea of transparency- -controlledsee-through displays [26], controlling the transparency ofspecific areas of a see-through display. Rekimoto [39] devel-oped programmable ... physical architecture, where areas of awall can be toggled between transparent and opaque. Dan-ninger et al. [5] created Attentive Office Cubicles, ... created Attentive Office Cubicles, whichchange their state from opaque to transparent when users onboth sides of a cubicle choose to interact ... resembles a multi-layer display. In this paper we focus oncreating transparency- -controlled objects rather than displaysor architecture.In our work, we use ... capabilities and potential oftransparency-controlled physical interfaces. The material?sability to change transparency has priorly been exploited by avariety of work, such as ... such as Attentive Cubicles [5], Squama [39],Tracs [26] and SecondLight [18].TRANSPARENCY- -CONTROLLED PHYSICAL INTER-FACESIn this section, we describe the design space ... PHYSICAL INTER-FACESIn this section, we describe the design space of transparency- -controlled physical interfaces. We take inspiration from pre-vious work on ... to other technolo-gies that allow rendering parts of an object transparent, , suchas flexible transparent displays. Therefore, we consider ourdesign space as largely technology agnostic. ... interfaces.We identified five dimensions that serve as a foundation fordesigning transparency- -controlled interfaces, see Figure 2,i. e. face, object, composition, control ... and control type.FaceA face is an individual side of a transparency- -controlled ob-ject that can change its overall transparency. . Objects are typ-ically composed of multiple faces. Groups of ...
... physical interfaces (as compounds, discussed below).Open objects also allow creating transparency- -controlled ob-jects that serve as containers. For example, a transparency- -controlled medication box could turn transparent at specifictimes to remind users about taking their medication.Closed objectsClosed ... cutting and folding, which al-lows us to create relatively complex transparency- -controlledobjects (e. g. our flower-shaped progress indicator consistsof 41 individual ... bends if supported by the material.Nested objectsOne key feature of transparency- -controlled objects is the abil-ity of nesting: Smaller objects can ... of three cubes.CompositionWe refer to a composition as the final transparency- -controlledinterface, which is built from one or more faces and ... closed or nested. A composition can be cre-ated purely as transparency- -controlled interface (standalone),or as a compound. A compound is a ... regular object (physicallystatic or dynamic), enriched with one or more transparency- -controlled objects.One example of a compound composition is the actuatedmobile ... 40]) and extended it with a segmentedtransparency-controlled top surface. Including transparency- -controlled segments into objects allows rendering featuressuch as holes, for ... underneath a device (e. g. Glassified [43]). By con-trolling the transparency of parts of a compound object, in-terior parts can be ... priorly opaque device.Figure 5. A shape-changing mobile phone with a transparency- -controlled top surface (inspired by [37, 27]), modified to omit ... left: base state, bottom: actuatedstate. Individual parts can be turned transparent (right).Control areaWe can control the entire surface of an interface, ... an interface, for exampleto reveal it only when needed. Furthermore, transparency- -controlled interfaces with multiple controllable parts can becreated for enlarging ... interior objects (e. g.as in Figure 15).Control typeBinary optical changeSwitching transparency- -controlled physical interfaces can beperformed very rapidly, since the change ... changesin underlying data for data visualization.Continuous optical changeBesides binary switching, transparency- -controlled physicalinterfaces can change their appearance continuously and arbi-trarily slow. ...
... 6. Our process for creating laser cut plans for 3D transparency- -controlled physical objects from an input crease plan (left). We ... interfaces. Soft-ware and hardware are available as open source athttp://www.cg.tu-berlin.de/research/projects/ transparency- -controlled-physical-interfaces/ .Base material and individually controllable surfacesWe use PDLC switchable ... creating 3D objects. The mate-rial consists of two layers of transparent conductive film (in-dium tin oxide, ITO) with polymer dispersed liquid ... thus looks diffuse. When voltage is applied(60 VAC), it turns transparent (90% parallel light transmit-tance according to specification). We control switchable ... transparentstate, acts like a capacitor, resulting in lower switching speedfrom transparent to opaque. Different circuitry can decreaseswitching speeds (e. g. as ... clarify of objects, since our method results in less con-stantly transparent areas than for Tracs. Furthermore, externalwiring of nested objects is ...
... tension in the bend regions pushes theliquid crystals away, creating always-transparent parts. Fur-ther, the ITO layer is only 15 m thin ... This allows creating 3D objects that retain their ability tochange transparency. . Other hinge patterns are used to createobjects with different ...
... When the indicators are not needed, theycan be turned fully transparent, , so that they effectively blendinto the environment.Figure 13. Our ... can be extended by perceivedmotion.Figure 14. A bug-like avatar with transparency- -controlled legs. Trans-parency of legs is toggled depending on the ...
... cube,dodecahedron and cone.DISCUSSIONChanging the appearance of physical interfaces through con-trolled transparency has a number of benefits when comparedto mechanically-actuated interfaces. It ... rapid changes would startle users. Since nomechanical parts are involved, transparency- -controlled inter-faces are less prone to wear and tear (life ... shown in our exam-ple of equipping a shape-changing device with transparency- -controlled parts (see Figure 5), the technologies are comple-mentary rather ... used in GelTouch [29]can change their viscoelasticity and simultaneously changefrom transparent to opaque. Switching, however, takes farlonger than changing transparency with switchable diffuser.Furthermore, hydrogel needs to be sealed in compartments,increasing ... of its fast switch-ing speeds and good visual clarity in transparent state. Elec-trochromic materials, as a potential alternative, require lessvoltage but ... typically exhibit longer switching times. Anotheralternative are LC shutters and transparent LCDs, which alsorequire less voltage for state switching (3-5 VDC). ... 14-26]. Nesting objects had a less deteriorat-ing effect on perceived transparency, , at least for the objectswe tested (e. g. three ... (e. g. three layered cubes, resulting in 6 layers over-all). Transparency decreased from 90% (1 layer) to approxi-mately 50% (6 layers). ... We believe that future generations ofswitchable diffuser will have increased transparency (close to100%), especially since the prime use case for this ... pattern generation. These are the most timeconsuming aspects when creating transparency- -controlled 3Dobjects from a given crease pattern. While routing could ... manual and auto-matic routing, will be subject of future work.Why transparency?
... on the current color config-uration. We argue that by creating transparency- -controlledobjects, unwanted parts of the interfaces can be hidden. Weenvision ... with volumetric or stereographic displays. Incontrast to these displays, however, transparency- -controlledphysical interfaces feature digital enrichment on an objectlevel. This means ... features thatcan be a valuable addition to physically dynamic interfaces.Furthermore, transparency- -controlled physical interfaces al-low rapid toggling as well as continuously ... and their in-depth investigation would resultin interesting future applications of transparency- -controlledphysical interfaces. Lastly, our objects do not incorporatesensing capabilities, therefore ... ITO on the outside of the dif-fuser), we think a transparency- -controlled physical interfacecan serve as both, input and output technology.CONCLUSIONWe ... physical interfacecan serve as both, input and output technology.CONCLUSIONWe presented transparency- -controlled physical interfaces,which can change their appearance purely through opticalalteration. ... discussion, and Eugen Fu chsle forhis work on early prototypes of transparency- -controlled phys-ical interfaces. This work has been supported by the ...
... Li, J., Greenberg, S., Sharlin, E., and Jorge, J. InteractiveTwo-Sided Transparent Displays: Designing forCollaboration. In Proc. DIS?14.26. Lindlbauer, D., Aoki, T., ... L., and Maes, P. Glassified: Anaugmented ruler based on a transparent
... Changing Interfaces. InProc. UIST ?13.435AbstractIntroductionContributionsRelated WorkChanging optical apperanceShape-changing interfacesTransparency and transparency- -controlTransparency-controlled physical interfacesFaceObjectOpen objectsClosed objectsNested objectsCompositionControl areaControl typeBinary optical changeContinuous ... outline generationHinge generationRoutingApplicationsActivity indicatorsMoving avatarAppearance-changing lampDiscussionTangible qualitiesBase material & transparencySoftwareWhy transparency?