Article

Free access

Towards a global IP anycast service

Authors:

Hitesh Ballani,

Paul FrancisAuthors Info & Claims

SIGCOMM '05: Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications

Pages 301 - 312

https://doi.org/10.1145/1080091.1080127

Published: 22 August 2005 Publication History

Abstract

IP anycast, with its innate ability to find nearby resources in a robust and efficient fashion, has long been considered an important means of service discovery. The growth of P2P applications presents appealing new uses for IP anycast. Unfortunately, IP anycast suffers from serious problems: it is very hard to deploy globally, it scales poorly by the number of anycast groups, and it lacks important features like load-balancing. As a result, its use is limited to a few critical infrastructure services such as DNS root servers. The primary contribution of this paper is a new IP anycast architecture, PIAS, that overcomes these problems while largely maintaining the strengths of IP anycast. PIAS makes use of a proxy overlay that advertises IP anycast addresses on behalf of group members and tunnels anycast packets to those members. The paper presents a detailed design of PIAS and evaluates its scalability and efficiency through simulation. We also present preliminary measurement results on anycasted DNS root servers that suggest that IP anycast provides good affinity. Finally, we describe how PIAS supports two important P2P and overlay applications.

References

[1]

C. Partridge, T. Mendez, and W. Milliken, "RFC 1546 - Host Anycasting Service," November 1993.]]

Digital Library

[2]

T. Hardy, "RFC 3258 - Distributing Authoritative Name Servers via Shared Unicast Addresses," April 2002.]]

[3]

J. Abley, "Hierarchical Anycast for Global Service Distribution," ISC Technical Note ISC-TN-2003-1 www.isc.org/tn/isc-tn-2003-1.html.]]

[4]

D. Kim, D. Meyer, H. Kilmer, and D. Farinacci, "RFC 3446 - Anycast Rendevous Point (RP) mechanism using Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) and Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)," January 2003.]]

Digital Library

[5]

D. Katabi, "The Use of IP-Anycast for Building Efficient Multicast Trees," in Proc. of Global Telecommunications Conference, 1999.]]

[6]

C. Huitema, "RFC 3068 - An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers," June 2001.]]

Digital Library

[7]

"AS112 Project Home Page," www.as112.net.]]

[8]

R. Hinden and S. Deering, "RFC 3513 - Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture," April 2003.]]

Digital Library

[9]

Akamai Technologies Inc., "Internet Bottlenecks: the Case for Edge Delivery Services," 2000, www.akamai.com/en/resources/pdf/whitepapers/Akamai_Internet_Bottlenecks_Whitepaper.pdf.]]

[10]

B. Greene and D. McPherson, "ISP Security: Deploying and Using Sinkholes," www.nanog.org/ mtg-0306/sink.html, June 2003, NANOG TALK.]]

[11]

D. R. Karger, E. Lehman, F. T. Leighton, R. Panigrahy, M. S. Levine, and D. Lewin, "Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web." in Proc. of STOC, 1997.]]

Digital Library

[12]

R. Rodrigues, B. Liskov, and L. Shrira, "The design of a robust peer-to-peer system," in Proc. of the Tenth ACM SIGOPS European Workshop, September 2002.]]

Digital Library

[13]

A. Gupta, B. Liskov, and R. Rodrigues, "One Hop Lookups for Peer-to-Peer Overlays," in Proc. of 9th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, May 2003.]]

Digital Library

[14]

D. Andersen, H. Balakrishnan, F. Kaashoek, and R. Morris, "Resilient overlay networks," in Proc. of the eighteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 2001.]]

Digital Library

[15]

L. Subramanian, S. Agarwal, J. Rexford, and R. H. Katz, "Characterizing the Internet Hierarchy from Multiple Vantage Points." in Proc. of INFOCOM, 2002.]]

[16]

N. Spring, R. Mahajan, and T. Anderson, "Quantifying the Causes of Path Inflation," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, August 2003.]]

Digital Library

[17]

Z. M. Mao, R. Govindan, G. Varghese, and R. H. Katz, "Route flap damping exacerbates Internet routing convergence," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2002.]]

Digital Library

[18]

J. Abley, "A Software Approach to Distributing Requests for DNS Service Using GNU Zebra, ISC BIND 9, and FreeBSD," in Proc. of USENIX Annual Technical Conference, FREENIX Track, 2004.]]

Digital Library

[19]

T. S. E. Ng and H. Zhang, "Predicting Internet Network Distance with Coordinates-Based Approaches." in Proc. of INFOCOM, 2002.]]

[20]

F. Dabek, R. Cox, F. Kaashoek, and R. Morris, "Vivaldi: a decentralized network coordinate system," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2004.]]

Digital Library

[21]

C. Alaettinoglu and S. Casner, "Detailed Analysis of ISIS Routing Protocol on the Qwest Backbone," February 2002, NANOG TALK.]]

[22]

A. J. Ganesh, A.-M. Kermarrec, and L. Massoulie, "SCAMP: Peer-to-Peer Lightweight Membership Service for Large-Scale Group Communication," in Proc. of the Third International COST264 Workshop on Networked Group Communication, 2001.]]

Digital Library

[23]

D. Kostic, A. Rodriguez, J. Albrecht, and A. Vahdat, "Bullet: high bandwidth data dissemination using an overlay mesh," in Proc. of the Nineteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 2003.]]

Digital Library

[24]

B. Chun, D. Culler, T. Roscoe, A. Bavier, L. Peterson, M. Wawrzoniak, and M. Bowman, "PlanetLab: An Overlay Testbed for Broad-Coverage Services," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 3--12, July 2003.]]

Digital Library

[25]

"ISC F-Root Sites," www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/f-root/.]]

[26]

P. Barber, M. Larson, M. Kosters, and P. Toscano, "Life and Times of J-Root," www.nanog.org/mtg-0410/kosters.html, October 2004, NANOG TALK.]]

[27]

R. Bush, Mailing list posting www.ripe.net/ripe/maillists/archives/routing-wg/2004/msg00183.html.]]

[28]

K. Sripanidkulchai, A. Ganjam, B. Maggs, and H. Zhang, "The feasibility of supporting large-scale live streaming applications with dynamic application end-points," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2004.]]

Digital Library

[29]

X. Zhang, J. Wang, and P. Francis, "Scaling the Internet through Tunnels," pias.gforge.cis.cornell.edu/tbgp.pdf.]]

[30]

"SSFNet," www.ssfnet.org/homePage.html.]]

[31]

"Netfilter," www.netfilter.org.]]

[32]

E. Basturk, R. Haas, R. Engel, D. Kandlur, V. Peris, and D. Saha, "Using IP Anycast For Load Distribution And Server Location," in Proc. of IEEE Globecom Global Internet Mini Conference, November 1998.]]

[33]

S. Matsunaga, S. Ata, H. Kitamura, and M. Murata, "Applications of IPv6 Anycasting," draft-ata-ipv6-anycast-app-00, February 2005.]]

[34]

D. Katabi and J. Wroclawski, "A framework for scalable global IP-anycast (GIA)," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2000.]]

Digital Library

[35]

E. W. Zegura, M. H. Ammar, Z. Fei, and S. Bhattacharjee, "Application-layer anycasting: a server selection architecture and use in a replicated Web service," IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 455--466, 2000.]]

Digital Library

[36]

Z. Fei, S. Bhattacharjee, E. W. Zegura, and M. H. Ammar, "A Novel Server Selection Technique for Improving the Response Time of a Replicated Service." in Proc. of INFOCOM, 1998.]]

[37]

I. Stoica, D. Adkins, S. Zhuang, S. Shenker, and S. Surana, "Internet Indirection Infrastructure," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2002.]]

Digital Library

[38]

"Mobility for IPv6 (mip6), IETF Working Group Charter," www.ripe.net/ripe/maillists/archives/routing-wg/2004/msg00183.html.]]

[39]

B. Aboba, L. Blunk, J. Vollbrecht, J. Carlson, and H. Levkowetz, "RFC 3748 - Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)," June 2004.]]

[40]

A. D. Keromytis, V. Misra, and D. Rubenstein, "SOS: secure overlay services." in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2002.]]

Digital Library

[41]

H. Ballani and P. Francis, "Root-Server Anycast Deployment: A Meaurement Study," pias.gforge.cis.cornell.edu/am.pdf.]]

Cited By

Zhou MZhang XHao SYang XZheng JChen GDou WSchulzrinne HKohler EMaltz DMisra V(2023)Regional IP Anycast: Deployments, Performance, and PotentialsProceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference10.1145/3603269.3604846(917-931)Online publication date: 10-Sep-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603269.3604846
Li XChen YZhou MGuo TWang CXiao YWan JWang X(2022)Artemis: A Latency-Oriented Naming and Routing SystemIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2022.320718933:12(4874-4890)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2022.3207189
Koch TKatz-Bassett EHeidemann JCalder MArdi CLi KKuipers FCaesar M(2021)Anycast In contextProceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference10.1145/3452296.3472891(398-417)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3452296.3472891
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Towards a global IP anycast service
1. Networks
  1. Network protocols

Recommendations

Towards a global IP anycast service
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications

IP anycast, with its innate ability to find nearby resources in a robust and efficient fashion, has long been considered an important means of service discovery. The growth of P2P applications presents appealing new uses for IP anycast. Unfortunately, ...
A framework for scalable global IP-anycast (GIA)
SIGCOMM '00: Proceedings of the conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication

This paper proposes GIA, a scalable architecture for global IP-anycast. Existing designs for providing IP-anycast must either globally distribute routes to individual anycast groups, or confine each anycast group to a pre-configured topological region. ...
Anycast CDNS revisited
WWW '08: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web

Because it is an integral part of the Internet routing apparatus, and because it allows multiple instances of the same service to be "naturally" discovered, IP Anycast has many attractive features for any service that involve the replication of multiple ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

SIGCOMM '05: Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications

August 2005

350 pages

ISBN:1595930094

DOI:10.1145/1080091

General Chair:
Roch Guerin
University of Pennsylvania
,
Program Chairs:
Ramesh Govindan
University of Southern California
,
Greg Minshall
Unaffiliated

ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Volume 35, Issue 4
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
October 2005
324 pages
ISSN:0146-4833
DOI:10.1145/1090191
Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2005 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 22 August 2005

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Article

Conference

SIGCOMM05

Sponsor:

SIGCOMM05: ACM SIGCOMM 2005 Conference

August 22 - 26, 2005

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 462 of 3,389 submissions, 14%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

98
Total Citations
View Citations
1,602
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)106
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)17

Reflects downloads up to 05 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Zhou MZhang XHao SYang XZheng JChen GDou WSchulzrinne HKohler EMaltz DMisra V(2023)Regional IP Anycast: Deployments, Performance, and PotentialsProceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference10.1145/3603269.3604846(917-931)Online publication date: 10-Sep-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603269.3604846
Li XChen YZhou MGuo TWang CXiao YWan JWang X(2022)Artemis: A Latency-Oriented Naming and Routing SystemIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2022.320718933:12(4874-4890)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2022.3207189
Koch TKatz-Bassett EHeidemann JCalder MArdi CLi KKuipers FCaesar M(2021)Anycast In contextProceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference10.1145/3452296.3472891(398-417)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3452296.3472891
Bertholdo LCeron JGranville LMoura GHesselman Cvan Rijswijk-Deij R(2020)BGP Anycast Tuner: Intuitive Route Management for Anycast Services2020 16th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)10.23919/CNSM50824.2020.9269102(1-7)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2020
https://doi.org/10.23919/CNSM50824.2020.9269102
McQuistin SUppu SFlores M(2019)Taming Anycast in the Wild InternetProceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference10.1145/3355369.3355573(165-178)Online publication date: 21-Oct-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3355369.3355573
Jia WDong X(2019)Deploying Lightweight Anycast Services Based-on Explicit Multicast Routing for Evolved Internet2019 Eleventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN)10.1109/ICUFN.2019.8806062(233-238)Online publication date: Jul-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUFN.2019.8806062
Li ZLevin DSpring NBhattacharjee BGorinsky STapolcai J(2018)Internet anycastProceedings of the 2018 Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication10.1145/3230543.3230547(59-73)Online publication date: 7-Aug-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3230543.3230547
Cicalese DRossi D(2018)A longitudinal study of IP AnycastACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review10.1145/3211852.321185548:1(10-18)Online publication date: 27-Apr-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3211852.3211855
Garcia-Luna-Aceves JMartinez-Castillo JMenchaca-Mendez R(2018)Routing to Multi-Instantiated Destinations: Principles, Practice, and ApplicationsIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing10.1109/TMC.2017.273465817:7(1696-1709)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2017.2734658
Zheng YJia WWu Y(2018)A Fast and Accurate Replica Selection Mechanism Using Explicit Multicast for CDNs2018 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI)10.1109/SmartWorld.2018.00287(1692-1696)Online publication date: Oct-2018
https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartWorld.2018.00287
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents