ABSTRACT
Energy efficiency is an important factor in embedded systems design. We consider an embedded system with a dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) capable processor and its system-wide power consumption is dominated by the processor and memory. We present speed assignment polices for a set of periodic/aperiodic tasks that minimize the overall system energy consumption including active and idle power of CPU and other components. A limitation of most DVS-based system-wide energy optimization techniques is that they assume the number of worst-case execution cycles (WCEC) of a task is a constant, independent of CPU frequency. This is not the case when other system components such as memory are taken into account. In this paper, we decompose task execution time into two parts: on-chip inside CPU and off-chip outside the CPU. We propose a frequency-aware system-wide energy minimization approach and establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimality. By exploiting properties of the conditions, we derive a bisection algorithm that finds the optimal solution to offline periodict asks in a linear time complexity. We apply a similar analytical approach to online aperiodic tasks scheduling and devise an iterative speed assignment algorithm in the complexity of O(n2). We prove it is optimal among all online algorithms without assumptions about future task releases.
- ADS. ADS BitsyXb Platform. http://www.applieddata.net/.Google Scholar
- H. Aydin, V. Devadas, and D. Zhu. System-level energy management for periodic real-time tasks. In Proc. of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symp., pages 313--322, 2006. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- H. Aydin, R. G. Melhem, D. Mossé, and P. Mejía-Alvarez. Optimal reward-based scheduling for periodic real-time tasks. IEEE Trans. Computers, 50(2):111--130, 2001. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- H. Cheng and S. Goddard. Integrated device scheduling and processor voltage scaling for system-wide energy conservation. In Proc. of the Int'l Workshop on Power-aware Real-time Computing, pages 24--29, 2005.Google Scholar
- K. Choi, W. Lee, R. Soma, and M. Pedram. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling under a precise energy model considering variable and fixed components of the system power dissipation. In Proc. of the Int'l Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, pages 29--34, 2004. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. K. Dey, J. F. Kurose, D. F. Towsley, C. M. Krishna, and M. Girkar. Efficient on-line processor scheduling for a class of iris (increasing reward with increasing service.) real-time tasks. In Proc. of the ACM SIGMETRICS Conference, 1993. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- L. R. Foulds. Optimization Techniques: An Introduction. Springer-Verlag, 1981.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- M. R. Guthaus, J. S. Ringenberg, D. Ernst, T. M. Austin, T. Mudge, and R. B. Brown. Mibench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite. In Proc. of IEEE Annual Workshop on Workload Characterization, 2001. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- I. Hong, M. Potkonjak, and M. B. Srivastava. On-line scheduling of hard real-time tasks on variable voltage voltage processor. In Proc. of the Int'l Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, pages 653--656, 1998. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- T. Ishihara and H. Yasuura. Voltage scheduling problem for dynamically variable voltage processors. In Proc. of the Int'l Symp. on Low-Power Electronics and Design, 1998. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- R. Jejurikar and R. K. Gupta. Dynamic voltage scaling for systemwide energy minimization in real-time embedded systems. In Proc. of the Int'l Symp. on Low-Power Electronics and Design, pages 78--81, 2004. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- W.-C. Kwon and T. Kim. Optimal voltage allocation techniques for dynamically variable voltage processors. ACM Trans. on Embedded Computing Sys., 4(1):211--230, 2005. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- C.-H. Lee and K. G. Shin. On-line dynamic voltage scaling for hard real-time systems using the edf algorithm. In Proc. of the IEEE Int'l Real-Time Syst. Symp., pages 319--327, 2004. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- P. Mejía-Alvarez, E. Levner, and D. Mossé. Adaptive scheduling server for power-aware real-time tasks. ACM Trans. Embedded Comput. Syst., 3(2):284--306, 2004. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. Pouwelse, K. Langendoen, and H. J. Sips. Application-directed voltage scaling. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst., 11(5):812--826, 2003. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- A. Qadi, S. Goddard, and S. Farritor. A dynamic voltage scaling algorithm for sporadic tasks. In Proc. of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symp., pages 52--62, 2003. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- K. Seth, A. Anantaraman, F. Mueller, and E. Rotenberg. Fast: Frequency-aware static timing analysis. ACMTrans. Embedded Comput. Syst., 5(1):200--224, 2006. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- V. Sharma, A. Thomas, T. Abdelzaher, K. Skadron, and Z. Lu. Poweraware qos management in web servers. In Proc. of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symp., pages 63--72, 2003. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- X. Zhong and C.-Z. Xu. System-wide energy minimization for realtime tasks: Lower bound and approximation. In Proc. of the Int'l Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, pages 516--521, 2006. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- X. Zhong and C.-Z. Xu. Energy-aware modeling and scheduling for dynamic voltage scaling with statistical real-time guarantee. IEEE Trans. Computers, 56(3):358--372, 2007. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- X. Zhong and C.-Z. Xu. Energy-efficient wireless packet scheduling with quality of service control. IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing (Accepted), 2007. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- D. Zhu, R. G. Melhem, and D. Mossé. The effects of energy management on reliability in real-time embedded systems. In Proc. of the Int'l Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, pages 35--40, 2004. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Y. Zhu and F. Mueller. Feedback edf scheduling exploiting hardware assisted asynchronous dynamic voltage scaling. In Proc. of the ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems, pages 203--212, 2005. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. Zhuo and C. Chakrabarti. System-level energy-efficient dynamic task scheduling. In Proc. of the Design Auto. Conf., pages 628--631, 2005. Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
Frequency-aware energy optimization for real-time periodic and aperiodic tasks
Recommendations
Frequency-aware energy optimization for real-time periodic and aperiodic tasks
Proceedings of the 2007 LCTES conferenceEnergy efficiency is an important factor in embedded systems design. We consider an embedded system with a dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) capable processor and its system-wide power consumption is dominated by the processor and memory. We present speed ...
Energy-Aware Modeling and Scheduling for Dynamic Voltage Scaling with Statistical Real-Time Guarantee
Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is a promising technique for battery-powered systems to conserve energy consumption. Most existing DVS algorithms assume information about task periodicity or a priori knowledge about the task set to be scheduled. This ...
Blocking-aware processor voltage scheduling for real-time tasks
As mobile computing is getting popular, there is a growing need for techniques that minimize energy consumption on battery-powered mobile devices. Processor voltage scheduling can effectively reduce processor energy consumption by lowering the processor ...







Comments