skip to main content
article

Energy optimal speed control of a producer--consumer device pair

Published:01 September 2007Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

We propose a modular approach for minimizing the total energy consumed by a pair of generic communicating devices (producer--consumer scenario) by jointly controlling their speed profiles. Each device (like a CPU, or disk drive) is assumed to have a controllable variable called its speed (e.g., a CPU's clock frequency, a disk drive's spindle motor speed) that affects its power consumption and performance (e.g., throughput, data transfer rate). The device and task models we analyzed were inspired by applications like CD recording (hard drive to CD drive data transfer) and data processing (disk drive to CPU data transfer). The proposed solution can be used for any pair of devices with convex (for continuous speed sets) or W-convex (a discrete version of a convex function for discrete speed sets) power--speed relationships. For discrete speed sets, the method operates directly on the power--speed values and does not require an analytical relationship between power and speed. The key to solving the two-device optimization problem was the observation that it could be split into two single device parametric optimization problems, where the parameters correspond to the common task that both the devices must execute. The following divide-and-conquer approach is proposed: [divide] the optimal speed policy and energy consumption of each device is derived as an analytical function of its task parameters; [conquer] the optimal values of these parameters are found by minimizing the sum of the parameterized energy functions and plugged back into the parameterized speed profiles. The main advantage of this approach is that each device can be characterized independently and this allows system designers to mix and match manufacturer-supplied device energy curves to evaluate and optimize different application scenarios. We demonstrate our approach using three device characterization examples (for a CD drive, hard drive, and a CPU) and two application scenarios (CD recording, MD5 checksum computation).

References

  1. Advanced Micro Devices. 2004. AMD Athlon 64 Processor Power and Thermal Data Sheet. Advanced Micro Devices.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Bazaara, M. S., Sherali, H. D., and Shetty, C. M. 1993. Nonlinear Programming: Theory and Algorithms, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Benini, L., Bogliolo, A., Paleologo, G. A., and De Micheli, G. 1999. Policy optimization for dynamic power management. IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design 18, 6 (June), 813--833. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Cai, L. and Lu, Y.-H. 2005. Energy management using buffer memory for streaming data. IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design 24, 2 (Feb.), 141--152. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. Chang, N., Choi, I., and Shim, H. 2004. DLS: Dynamic backlight luminance scaling of liquid crystal display. IEEE Trans. VLSI Sys. 12, 8 (Aug.), 837--846. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Chung, E.-Y., Benini, L., and Micheli, G. D. 1999. Dynamic power management using adaptive learning tree. In Proc. Intl' Conf. Computer Aided Design (ICCAD). 274--279. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Douglis, F., Krishnan, P., and Bershad, B. 1995. Adaptive disk spin-down policies for mobile computers. Computing Systems 8, 4, 381--413.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Govil, K., Chan, E., and Wasserman, H. 1995. Comparing algorithms for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU. In Proc. Intl' Conf. Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM). 13--25. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Greenawalt, P. M. 1994. Modeling power management for hard disks. In Proc. Conf. Modeling, Analysis, Simulation of Computer and Telecomm. Sys. (MASCOTS). 62--66. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Grunwald, D., Levis, P., Farkas, K. I., Morrey, C. B., and Neufeld, M. 2000. Policies for dynamic clock scheduling. In Proc. Symp. Operating Sys. Design and Implementation (OSDI). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Gurumurthi, S., Sivasubramaniam, A., Kandemir, M., and Franke, H. 2003. Reducing disk power consumption in servers with DRPM. IEEE Computer 36, 12 (Dec.), 59--66. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. 2006. Travelstar 7K60 Hard Drive Specification. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Hwang, C.-H. and Wu, A. 1997. A predictive system shutdown method for energy saving of event-driven computation. In Proc. Intl' Conf. Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD). 28--32. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. IBM Corporation. 2003. IBM PowerPC 750FX RISC Microprocessor Datasheet. IBM Corporation.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Intel Corp. 1999. Intel StrongARM SA1100 Microprocessor for Embedded Applications: Brief Datasheet. http://journada820.sourceforge.net/docs/arm/strongARM-cpu.pdf.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. Intel Corp. 2005. Intel PXA270 Processor: Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Specification. Intel Corp.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Irani, S., Shukla, S., and Gupta, R. 2003a. Algorithms for power savings. In Proc. ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. 37--46. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Irani, S., Shukla, S., and Gupta, R. 2003b. Online strategies for dynamic power management in systems with multiple power-saving states. ACM Trans. Embedded Computing Sys. (TECS) 2, 3, 325--346. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Ishihara, T. and Yasuura, H. 1998. Voltage scheduling problem for dynamically variable voltage processors. In Proc. Intl' Symp. Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED). 197--202. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Jejurikar, R., Pereira, C., and Gupta, R. 2004. Leakage aware dynamic voltage scaling for real-time embedded systems. In Proc. Design Automation Conf. (DAC). 275--280. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Li, Y. and Bambos, N. 2004. Power-controlled media streaming in the interference-limited wireless networks. In Proc. Intl' Conf. Broadband Networks (BROADNETS). 560--568. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Lite-on IT Corp. 2004. Liteon LTR-32123S CD-RW Specification. Lite-on IT Corp. http://www.cdrlabs.com/reviews/index.php?reviewid=94&page=Features.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Lorch, J. R. and Smith, A. J. 2004. PACE: A new approach to dynamic voltage scaling. IEEE Trans. Computers 53, 7 (July), 856--869. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. Lu, Y.-H. and DeMicheli, G. 1999. Adaptive hard disk power management on personal computers. In Proc. Great Lakes Symp. VLSI (GSVLSI). 50--53. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. Manzak, A. and Chakrabarti, C. 2003. Variable voltage task scheduling algorithms for minimizing energy/power. IEEE Trans. VLSI 11, 2 (Apr.), 270--276. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Martin, S. M., Flautner, K., Mudge, T., and Blaauw, D. 2002. Combined dynamic voltage scaling and adaptive body biasing for lower power microprocessors under dynamic workloads. In Proc. Intl' Conf. Computer Aided Design (ICCAD). 721--725. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Micron Technology Inc. 2004. Mobile DDR SDRAM Features. Micron Technology Inc.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Motion Picture Experts Group. Physical Parameters of CDs and DVDs. Motion Picture Experts Group. http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_A/Specs.html.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Mrbass.org. 2005. Linux tips and tricks. http://www.mrbass.org/linux/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. Okada, K., Kojima, N., and Yamashita, K. 2000. A novel drive architecture of HDD: “multimode hard disc drive”. In Proc. Intl' Conf. Consumer Electroncis (ICCE). IEEE Press, Los Alamitos, CA. 92--93.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. Pen, W. 2005. md5sum manual page. http://manpage.willempen.org/1/md5sum.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. Pering, T., Burd, T., and Brodersen, R. 1998. The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms. In Proc. Intl' Symp. Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED). 76--81. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Pillai, P. and Shin, K. G. 2001. Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems. In Proc. SIGOPS. ACM Press, New York. 89--102. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Qiu, Q., Wu, Q., and Pedram, M. 2000. Dynamic power management of complex systems using generalized stochastic petri nets. In Proc. Design Automation Conf. 325--356. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. Qiu, Q., Wu, Q., and Pedram, M. 2001. Stochastic modeling of a power-managed system-construction and optimization. IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design 20, 10 (Oct.), 1200--1217. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  36. Rao, R. and Vrudhula, S. 2005. Energy optimal speed control of devices with discrete speed sets. In Proc. Design Automation Conf. (DAC). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. Rao, R., Vrudhula, S., and Krishnan, M. S. 2004. Disk drive energy optimization for audio-video applications. In Proc. Conf. Compilers, Arch., Synth. Emb. Sys. (CASES). 93--103. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. Rohrer, N. 2004. The IBM PowerPC 970FX Power Envelope and Power Management. IBM Corp. http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/pa-powerenv/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. Saewong, S. and Rajkumar, R. 2003. Practical voltage-scaling for fixed-priority rt-systems. In Proc. Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symp. 106--114. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  40. Schurgers, C., Aberthorne, O., and Srivastava, M. 2001. Modulation scaling for energy aware communication systems. In Proc. Intl' Symp. Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED). 96--99. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Shu, T., Krunz, M., and Vrudhula, S. 2005. Joint optimization of transmit power-time and bit energy efficiency in CDMA wireless sensor networks. Tech. Rep. 2005-3, University of Arizona.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  42. Simunic, T., Benini, L., Glynn, P., and De Micheli, G. 2001. Event-driven dynamic power management. IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design 20, 7 (July), 840--857.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. Srivastava, M. B., Chandrakasan, A. P., and Brodersen, R. W. 1996. Predicitve system shutdown and other architectural techniques for energy efficient programmable computation. IEEE Trans. VLSI Sys. 4, 1 (Mar.), 42--55. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  44. Stan, S. G. 1998. The CD-ROM Drive: A Brief System Description. Kluwer Academic Publ. Novell, MA. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  45. Super Video CD---Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Technical specifications. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Video_CD.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Ubuntu. 2006. CD disk images for Ubuntu Linux. http://ubuntu-releases.cs.umn.edu//6.06/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  47. Video CD---Wikipedia, the free encylopedia: Technical specifications. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_CD.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  48. Weiser, M., Welch, B., Demers, A., and Shenker, S. 1994. Scheduling for reduced CPU energy. In Proc. Symp. Operating Sys. Design and Implementation (OSDI). 13--23. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  49. Yada, H., Ishioka, H., Yamakoshi, T., Onuki, Y., Shimano, Y., Uchida, M., Kanno, H., and Hayashi, N. 2000. Head positioning servo and data channel for HDDs with multiple spindle speeds. IEEE Trans. Magnetics 36, 5 (Sept.), 2213--2215.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref

Index Terms

  1. Energy optimal speed control of a producer--consumer device pair

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in

    Full Access

    • Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)1
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

      Other Metrics

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader
    About Cookies On This Site

    We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website.

    Learn more

    Got it!