Abstract
With the significant growth of the markets for consumer electronics and various embedded systems, flash memory is now an economic solution for storage systems design. Because index structures require intensively fine-grained updates/modifications, block-oriented access over flash memory could introduce a significant number of redundant writes. This might not only severely degrade the overall performance, but also damage the reliability of flash memory. In this paper, we propose a very different approach, which can efficiently handle fine-grained updates/modifications caused by B-tree index access over flash memory. The implementation is done directly over the flash translation layer (FTL); hence, no modifications to existing application systems are needed. We demonstrate that when index structures are adopted over flash memory, the proposed methodology can significantly improve the system performance and, at the same time, reduce both the overhead of flash-memory management and the energy dissipation. The average response time of record insertions and deletions was also significantly reduced.
- Bayer, R. and McCreight, E. M. 1972. Organization and maintenance of large ordered indices. Acta Informatica 1, 173--189.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Becker, B., Gschwind, S., Ohler, T., Seeger, B., and Widmayer, P. 1996. An asymptotically optimal multiversion B-tree. VLDB Journal 5, 4, 264--275. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Chang, L. P. and Kuo, T. W. 2001. A dynamic-voltage-adjustment mechanism in reducing the power consumption of flash memory for portable devices. In Conference on Consumer Electronic (ICCE). IEEE, LA.Google Scholar
- Chang, L. P. and Kuo, T. W. 2002. An adaptive striping architecture for flash memory storage systems of embedded systems. In Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS). San Jose, CA. IEEE, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Chang, L. P., Kuo, T. W., and Lo, S.-W. 2004. Real-time garbage collection for flash-memory storage systems of real-time embedded systems. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 3, 4. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Comer, D. 1979. The ubiquitous b-tree. ACM Computing Surveys 11, 2, 121--137. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Douglis, F., Caceres, R., F. Kaashoek, K., Li, B. M., and Tauber, J. A. 1994. Storage alternatives for mobile computers. In Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI). USENIX. 25--37. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Freeston, M. 1995. A general solution of the n-dimensional b-tree problem. In SIGMOD Conference. San Jose, CA. ACM, New York. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ftl logger exchanging data with ftl systems.Google Scholar
- Garey, M. R. and Johnson, D. S. 1979. Computers and Intractability. Freeman, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
- Han-Joon, K. and Sang-goo, L. 1999. A new flash memory management for flash storage system. In Proceedings of the Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC). IEEE, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue55/florido.html.Google Scholar
- http://www.samsung.com/products/semiconductor/flash/index.htm.Google Scholar
- Kawaguchi, A., Nishioka, S., and Motoda, H. 1995. A flash-memory based file system. In USENIX Technical Conference on Unix and Advanced Computing Systems. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kim, H. J. and Lee, S. G. 1999. A new flash memory management for flash storage system. In Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. Phoenix, AZ. IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kim, J., Kim, J. M., Noh, S. H., Min, S. L., and Cho, Y. 2002. A space-efficient flash translation layer for compact-flash systems. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 48, 2 (May). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kuo, T. W., Wey, J. H., and Lam, K. Y. 1999. Real-time data access control on b-tree index structures. In International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). Sydney, IEEE, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lfs file manager software: Lfm.Google Scholar
- 1998. compact flashTM 1.4 specification.Google Scholar
- 1999. smartmediaTM specification.Google Scholar
- Park, C., Kang, J., Park, S. Y., and Kim, J. 2004. Energy-aware demand paging on nand flash-based embedded storages. In International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Park, C., Seo, J., Bae, S., Kim, H., Kim, S., and Kim, B. 2003. A low-cost memory architecture with nand xip for mobile embedded systems. In International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS). IEEE/ACM/IFIP, CA. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ramakrishnan and Gehrke. 2003. Database Management Systems. McGraw-Hill, New York. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Rosenblum, M. and Ousterhout, J. K. 1992. The design and implementation of a log-structured file system. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 10, 1 (Feb.), 26--52. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Software concerns of implementing a resident flash disk.Google Scholar
- Understanding the flash translation layer(ftl) specification.Google Scholar
- Vazirani, V. V. 2001. Approximation Algorithm. Springer, New York. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Woodhouse, D. Jffs: The journaling flash file system.Google Scholar
- Wu, C. H., Kuo, T. W., and Yang, C. L. 2004. Energy-efficient flash-memory storage systems with interrupt-emulation mechanism. In International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS). IEEE/ACM/IFIP, Stockholm, Sweden. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Wu, C. H., Kuo, T. W., and Chang, L. P. 2006a. Efficient initialization and crash recovery for log-based file systems over flash memory. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC). Dijon, France. ACM, New York. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Wu, C. H., Kuo, T. W., and Yang, C. L. 2006b. A space-efficient caching mechanism for flash-memory address translation. In International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC). Gyeongju, Korea. IEEE, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Wu, M. and Zwaenepoel, W. 1994. envy: A non-volatile, main memory storage system. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS). ACM, New York. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Yet another flash filing system.Google Scholar
- Yokota, H., Kanemasa, Y., and Miyazaki, J. 1999. Fat-btree: An update-conscious parallel directory structure. In International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 448--457. IEEE, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
An efficient B-tree layer implementation for flash-memory storage systems
Recommendations
A reliable B-tree implementation over flash memory
SAC '08: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computingFlash memory has been widely used in various embedded computing systems and portable devices in recent years because of its small size, shock-resistance, low-power consumption and non-volatile properties. To hide the disadvantages of flash memory such ...
An efficient R-tree implementation over flash-memory storage systems
GIS '03: Proceedings of the 11th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systemsFor many applications with spatial data management such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), block-oriented access over flash memory could introduce a significant number of node updates. Such node updates could result in a large number of out-place ...
An efficient management scheme for large-scale flash-memory storage systems
SAC '04: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM symposium on Applied computingFlash memory is among the top choices for storage media in ubiquitous computing. With a strong demand of high-capacity storage devices, the usages of flash memory quickly grow beyond their original designs. The very distinct characteristics of flash ...






Comments