Abstract
Online transactions (e.g., buying a book on the Web) typically involve a number of steps spanning several pages. Conducting such transactions under constrained interaction modalities as exemplified by small screen handhelds or interactive speech interfaces—the primary mode of communication for visually impaired individuals—is a strenuous, fatigue-inducing activity. But usually one needs to browse only a small fragment of a Web page to perform a transactional step such as a form fillout, selecting an item from a search results list, and so on. We exploit this observation to develop an automata-based process model that delivers only the “relevant” page fragments at each transactional step, thereby reducing information overload on such narrow interaction bandwidths. We realize this model by coupling techniques from content analysis of Web documents, automata learning and statistical classification. The process model and associated techniques have been incorporated into Guide-O, a prototype system that facilitates online transactions using speech/keyboard interface (Guide-O-Speech), or with limited-display size handhelds (Guide-O-Mobile). Performance of Guide-O and its user experience are reported.
- Agarwal, S., Handschuh, S., and Staab, S. 2003. Surfing the service web. In International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). 211--216.Google Scholar
- Angluin, D. 1978. On the complexity of minimum inference of regular sets. Inform. Control 39, 3, 337--350.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Asakawa, C. and Itoh, T. 1998. User interface of a home page reader. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Assistive Technologies (ASSETS). ACM Press, 149--156. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Baluja, S. 2006. Browsing on small screens: Recasting web-page segmentation into an efficient machine learning framework. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW'06). ACM Press, 33--42. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Buyukkoten, O., Garcia-Molina, H., and Paepcke, A. 2001. Seeing the whole in parts: Text summarization for web browsing on handheld devices. In International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 652--662. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Buyukkoten, O., Garcia-Molina, H., Paepcke, A., and Winograd, T. 2000. Power browser: Efficient web browsing for pdas. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). ACM Press, 430--437. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Chen, L., Shadbolt, N., Goble, C. A., Tao, F., Cox, S. J., Puleston, C., and Smart, P. R. 2003. Towards a knowledge-based approach to semantic service composition. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). 319--334.Google Scholar
- Chen, Y., Ma, W.-Y., and Zhang, H.-J. 2003. Detecting web page structure for adaptive viewing on small form factor devices. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 225--233. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Chi, E., Pirolli, P., Chen, K., and Pitkow, J. 2001. Using information scent to model user information needs and actions on the web. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). ACM Press, 490--497. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Cimiano, P., Handschuh, S., and Staab, S. 2004. Towards the self-annotating web. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 462--471. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Dill, S., Eiron, N., Gibson, D., Gruhl, D., Guha, R., Jhingran, A., Kanungo, T., Rajagopalan, S., Tomkins, A., Tomlin, J., and Yien, J. 2003. SemTag and Seeker: Bootstrapping the semantic web via automated semantic annotation. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). 831--840. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Florins, M. and Vanderdonckt, J. 2004. Graceful degradation of user interfaces as a design method for multiplatform systems. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent User Interface (IUI'04). ACM Press, New York, NY, 140--147. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Gold, E. M. 1978. Complexity of automaton identification from given data. Inform. Control 37, 3, 302--320.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Gusfield, D. 1997. Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Hammond, B., Sheth, A., and Kochut, K. 2002. Semantic enhancement engine: A modular document enhancement platform for semantic applications over heterogenous content. In Real World Semantic Applications, V. Kashyap and L. Shklar, Eds. IOS Press.Google Scholar
- Harper, S. and Patel, N. 2005. Gist summaries for visually impaired surfers. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Assistive Technologies (ASSETS). ACM Press, 90-- 97. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Heflin, J., Hendler, J. A., and Luke, S. 2003. SHOE: A blueprint for the semantic web. In Spinning the Semantic Web, D. Fensel, J. A. Hendler, H. Lieberman, and W. Wahlster, Eds. MIT Press, 29--63.Google Scholar
- Hess, A., Johnston, E., and Kushmerick, N. 2004. Assam: A tool for semi-automatically annotating semantic web services. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). 320--334.Google Scholar
- Huang, A. and Sundaresan, N. 2000. A semantic transcoding system to adapt web services for users with disabilities. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Assistive Technologies (ASSETS). ACM Press, 156--163. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- IPhone. http://www.apple.com/iphone/.Google Scholar
- JAWS Screen Reader. http://www.freedomscientific.com.Google Scholar
- Kaasinen, E., Aaltonen, M., Kolari, J., Melakoski, S., and Laakko, T. 2000. Two approaches to bringing internet services to wap devices. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kahan, J., Koivunen, M., Prud'Hommeaux, E., and Swick, R. 2001. Annotea: An open rdf infrastructure for shared web annotations. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 623--632. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Laender, A., Ribeiro-Neto, B., da Silva, A., and Teixeira, J. 2002. A brief survey of web data extraction tools. SIGMOD Rec. 31, 2. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Milic-Frayling, N. and Sommerer, R. 2002. Smartview: Flexible viewing of web page contents. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 172.Google Scholar
- Mukherjee, S., Ramakrishnan, I., and Singh, A. 2005. Bootstrapping semantic annotation for content-rich html documents. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). ACM Press. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Murphy, K. 1996. Passively learning finite automata. Tech. rep., Janta Fe Institute.Google Scholar
- NetECHO{tm}. http://www.internetspeech.com.Google Scholar
- Oncina, J. and Garc, P. 1991. Inferring Regular Languages in Polynomial Update Time. World Scientific Publishing.Google Scholar
- Patil, A., Oundhakar, S., Sheth, A., and Verma, K. 2004. Meteor-s web service annotation framework. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). 553-- 562. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Pontelli, E., Xiong, W., Gillian, D., Saad, E., Gupta, G., and Karshmer, A. 2002. Navigation of html tables, frames, and xml fragments. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Assistive Technologies (ASSETS). ACM Press, 25--32. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Popov, B., Kiryakov, A., Kirilov, A., Manov, D., Ognyanoff, D., and Goranov, M. 2003. Kim---semantic annotation platform. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC).Google Scholar
- Ramakrishnan, I., Stent, A., and Yang, G. 2004. Hearsay: Enabling audio browsing on hypertext content. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 80--89. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Raman, T. V. 1998. Audio system for technical readings. 1410, xvi + 121. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ramaswamy, L., Iyengar, A., Liu, L., and Douglis, F. 2004. Automatic detection of fragments in dynamically generated web pages. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 443--454. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Rao, J., Küngas, P., and Matskin, M. 2004. Logic-based web services composition: From service description to process model. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Services (ICWS). Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Richards, J. T. and Hanson, V. L. 2004. Web accessibility: a broader view. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW'04). ACM Press, New York, NY, 72-- 79. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Sabou, M., Wroe, C., Goble, C., and Mishne, G. 2005. Learning domain ontologies for web service descriptions: An experiment in bioinformatics. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). 190--198. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Song, R., Liu, H., Wen, J.-R., and Ma, W.-Y. 2004. Learning block importance models for web pages. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 203--211. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Takagi, H., Asakawa, C., Fukuda, K., and Maeda, J. 2002. Site-wide annotation: Reconstructing existing pages to be accessible. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Assistive Technologies (ASSETS). ACM Press. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Thunderhawk. http://www.bitstream.com/wireless/index.html.Google Scholar
- Traverso, P. and Pistore, M. 2004. Automated composition of semantic web services into executable processes. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC).Google Scholar
- van der Aalst, W. and Weijters, A. 2004. Process mining: A research agenda. Comput. Industry 53, 231--244. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Wombacher, A., Fankhauser, P., and Neuhold, E. J. 2004. Transforming bpel into annotated deterministic finite state automata for service discovery. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Services (ICWS). Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Xiangye Xiao, Qiong Luo, D. H. and Fu, H. 2005. Slicing* tree based web page transformation for small displays. In Proceedings of the Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. ACM Press, 303--304. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Yang, C. and Wang, F. L. 2003. Fractal summarization for mobile devices to access large documents on the web. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 215--224. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Yi, L. and Liu, B. 2003. Eliminating noisy information in web pages for data mining. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (SIGKDD). ACM Press, 117--118. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Yin, X. and Lee, W. S. 2004. Using link analysis to improve layout on mobile devices. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). ACM Press, 338--344. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Yu, S., Cai, D., Wen, J.-R., and Ma, W.-Y. 2003. Improving pseudo-relevance feedback in web information retrieval using web page segnmentation. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference (WWW). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Zajicek, M., Powell, C., and Reeves, C. 1999. Web search and orientation with brookestalk. In Proceedings of Technology and Persons with Disabilities Conference.Google Scholar
- Zhang, Z., He, B., and Chang, K. C.-C. 2004. Understanding web query interfaces: Best-effort parsing with hidden syntax. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD). ACM Press, 107--118. Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
Model-directed Web transactions under constrained modalities
Recommendations
Model-directed web transactions under constrained modalities
WWW '06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide WebOnline transactions (e.g., buying a book on the Web) typically involve a number of steps spanning several pages. Conducting such transactions under constrained interaction modalities as exemplified by small screen handhelds or interactive speech ...
Bridging the Web Accessibility Divide
The Web has become the primary medium for accessing information and for conducting many types of online transactions, including shopping, paying bills, making travel plans, etc. The primary mode of interaction over the Web is via graphical browsers ...
Assistive browser for conducting web transactions
IUI '08: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfacesPeople with visual impairments use screen readers to browse the Web. Sequential processing of web pages by screen readers causes information overload, making web browsing time-consuming and strenuous. These problems are further exacerbated in web ...






Comments