Abstract
Media streaming over TCP has become increasingly popular because TCP's congestion control provides remarkable stability to the Internet. Streaming over TCP requires adapting to bandwidth availability, but unforunately, TCP can introduce significant latency at the application level, which causes unresponsive and poor adaptation. This article shows that this latency is not inherent in TCP but occurs as a result of throughput-optimized TCP implementations. We show that this latency can be minimized by dynamically tuning TCP's send buffer. Our evaluation shows that this approach leads to better application-level adaptation and it allows supporting interactive and other low-latency applications over TCP.
- Allman, M. 2003. TCP congestion control with appropriate byte counting (ABC). Internet RFC 3465. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Allman, M., Paxson, V., and Stevens, W. 1999. TCP congestion control. Internet RFC 2581. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Bansal, D., Balakrishnan, H., Floyd, S., and Shenker, S. 2001. Dynamic behavior of slowly-responsive congestion control algorithms. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. ACM, New York. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Clark, D. D., and Tennenhouse, D. L. 1990. Architectural considerations for a new generation of protocols. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. ACM, New York. 200--208. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Feng, W., Kandlur, D. D., Saha, D., and Shin, K. S. 1997. Techniques for eliminating packet loss in congested TCP/IP networks. Tech. Rep. CSE-TR-349-97, Univ. Michigan. Nov.Google Scholar
- Feng, W., Liu, M., Krishnaswami, B., and Prabhudev, A. 1999. A priority-based technique for the best-effort delivery of stored video. In Proceedings of the SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference. 286--300.Google Scholar
- Floyd, S., Handley, M., and Kohler, E. 2002. Problem statement for DCP. Work in progress, IETF Internet Draft draft-floyd-dcp-problem-00.txt, expires Aug 2002.Google Scholar
- Floyd, S., Handley, M., Padhye, J., and Widmer, J. 2000. Equation-based congestion control for unicast applications. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. ACM, New York. 43--56. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Floyd, S. and Jacobson, V. 1993. Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance. ACM/IEEE Trans. Netw. 1, 4 (Aug.), 397--413. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Goel, A., Krasic, C., Li, K., and Walpole, J. 2002. Supporting low latency TCP-based media streams. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS). 193--203.Google Scholar
- Huffaker, B., Fomenkov, M., Moore, D., and Claffy, K. C. 2001. Macroscopic analyses of the infrastructure: Measurement and visualization of internet connectivity and performance. In Proceedings of the workshop on Passive and Active Measurements (PAM2001).Google Scholar
- Hurley, P. and Le Boudec, J. Y. 1999. A proposal for an asymmetric best-effort service. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS). 132--134.Google Scholar
- Iannaccone, G., May, M., and Diot, C. 2001. Aggregate traffic performance with active queue management and drop from tail. ACM Comput. Commun. Rev. 31, 3 (July), 4--13. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- ITU. 1993. Transmission Systems and Media, General Recommendation on the Transmission Quality for an Entire International Telephone Connection; One-Way Transmission Time. Geneva, Switzerland. Recommendation G.114, Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU.Google Scholar
- Kohler, E., Handley, M., and Floyd, S. 2006. Datagram congestion control protocol (DCCP). Internet RFC 4340.Google Scholar
- Kozuch, M. and Satyanarayanan, M. 2002. Internet Suspend/Resume. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 40--48. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Krasic, C., Walpole, J., and Feng, W. 2003. Quality-adaptive media streaming by priority drop. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV). 112--121. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Mathis, M., Mahdavi, J., Floyd, S., and Romanow, A. 1996. TCP selective acknowledgment options. Internet RFC 2018. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Mathis, M., Semke, J., Mahdavi, J., and Lahey, K. 1999. Rate-halving algorithm for TCP congestion control. http://www.psc.edu/networking/ftp/papers/draft-ratehalving.txt.Google Scholar
- McCann, J., Deering, S., and Mogul, J. 1996. Path MTU discovery for IP version 6. Internet RFC 1981. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- NetMeeting. Windows Netmeeting. http://www.microsoft.com/netmeeting, viewed in Jun 2002.Google Scholar
- NISTnet. The NIST network emulation tool. http://www.antd.nist.gov/itg/nistnet, viewed in Jun 2002.Google Scholar
- Nonnenmacher, J., Biersack, E. W., and Towsley, D. 1998. Parity-based loss recovery for reliable multicast transmission. ACM/IEEE Trans. Netw. 6, 4, 349--361. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and Black, D. 2001. The addition of explicit congestion notification (ECN) to IP. Internet RFC 3168. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- RealVNC Limited. 2002. Realvnc. http://www.realvnc.com.Google Scholar
- Rejaie, R., Handley, M., and Estrin, D. 1999. Quality adaptation for congestion controlled video playback over the internet. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. ACM, New York. 189--200. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Rizzo, L. 1997. Effective erasure codes for reliable computer communication protocols. ACM Comput. Commun. Rev. 27, 2 (Apr.), 24--36. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Salim, J. H. and Almed, U. 2000. Performance evaluation of explicit congestion notification (ECN) in IP networks. Internet RFC 2884. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Semke, J., Mahdavi, J., and Mathis, M. 1998. Automatic TCP buffer tuning. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. ACM, New York. 315--323. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Shenker, S., Zhang, L., and Clark, D. 1991. Observations on the dynamics of a congestion control algorithm: The effects of two-way traffic. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. ACM, New York. 133--147. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Skype. Skype. http://www.skype.com/.Google Scholar
- Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C., Schwarzbauer, H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M., Zhang, L., and Paxson, V. 2000. Stream control transmission protocol. Internet RFC 2960. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Yang, Y. R., and Lam, S. S. 2000. General aimd congestion control. Tech. Rep. TR-2000-09, University of Texas at Austin. Austin, TX, May. Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
Low-latency adaptive streaming over tcp
Recommendations
Interactions between HTTP adaptive streaming and TCP
NOSSDAV '12: Proceedings of the 22nd international workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and VideoHTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) is quickly becoming a popular mechanism for delivering on-demand video content over the Internet. The chunked transmission and application-layer adaptation create a very different traffic pattern than traditional ...
The incremental deployability of RTT-based congestion avoidance for high speed TCP Internet connections
SIGMETRICS '00: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systemsOur research focuses on end-to-end congestion avoidance algorithms that use round trip time (RTT) fluctuations as an indicator of the level of network congestion. The algorithms are referred to as delay-based congestion avoidance or DCA. Due to the ...
Analytic models for the latency and steady-state throughput of TCP tahoe, Reno, and SACK
Continuing the process of improvements made to TCP through the addition of new algorithms in Tahoe and Reno, TCP SACK aims to provide robustness to TCP in the presence of multiple losses from the same window. In this paper we present analytic models to ...






Comments