skip to main content
research-article

Scalable on-demand media streaming for heterogeneous clients

Published:30 October 2008Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Periodic broadcast protocols enable efficient streaming of highly popular media files to large numbers of concurrent clients. Most previous periodic broadcast protocols, however, assume that all clients can receive at the same rate, and also assume that reception bandwidth is not time-varying. In this article, we first develop a new periodic broadcast protocol, Optimized Heterogeneous Periodic Broadcast (OHPB), that can be optimized for a given population of clients with heterogeneous reception bandwidths and quality-of-service requirements. The OHPB protocol utilizes an optimized segment size progression determined by solving a linear optimization model that takes as input the client population characteristics and an objective function such as mean client startup delay. We then develop a generalization of the OHPB linear optimization model that allows optimal server bandwidth allocation among multiple concurrent OHPB broadcasts, wherein each media file and its clients may have different characteristics. Finally, we propose complementary client protocols employing work-ahead buffering of data during playback, so as to enable more uniform playback quality when the reception bandwidth is time-varying.

References

  1. Almeida, J., Eager, D., Ferris, M., and Vernon, M. 2002. Provisioning content distribution networks for streaming media. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Bar-Noy, A., Goshi, G., Ladner, R., and Tam, K. 2002. Comparison of stream merging algorithms for media-on-demand. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Bertsimas, D. and Tsitsiklis, J. N. 1997. Introduction to Linear Optimization. Athena Scientific, Nashua NH. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Byers, J. and Kwon, G. 2001. STAIR: A practical AIMD multirate multicast congestion control. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Networked Group Communication. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. Byers, J., Luby, M., Mitzenmacher, M., and Rege, A. 1998. A digital fountain approach to reliable distribution of bulk data. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Cheung, S., Ammar, M., and Li, X. 1996. On the use of destination set grouping to improve fairness in multicast video distribution. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Eager, D., Ferris, M., and Vernon, M. 1999. Optimized regional caching for on-demand data delivery. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Eager, D., Ferris, M., and Vernon, M. 2000. Optimized caching in systems with heterogeneous client populations. Performance Evaluation (Special Issue on Internet Performance Modeling) 42, 2/3, 163--185. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Eager, D. and Vernon, M. 1998. Dynamic skyscraper broadcasts for video-on-demand. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Advances in Multimedia Information Systems. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Eager, D., Vernon, M., and Zahorjan, J. 1999. Optimal and efficient merging schedules for video-on-demand servers. In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Conference. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Eager, D., Vernon, M., and Zahorjan, J. 2000. Bandwidth skimming: A technique for cost-effective video-on-demand. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  12. Eager, D., Vernon, M., and Zahorjan, J. 2001. Minimizing bandwidth requirements for on-demand data delivery. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Engin. 13, 5, 742--757. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Floyd, S. and Fall, K. 1999. Promoting the use of end-to-end congestion control in the internet. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 7, 4, 458--472. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Gao, L., Kurose, J., and Towsley, D. 1998. Efficient schemes for broadcasting popular videos. In Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Hu, A. 2001. Video-on-demand broadcasting protocols: A comprehensive study. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  16. Hu, A., Nikolaidis, I., and Beek, P. 1999. On the design of efficient video-on-demand broadcast schemes. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simalation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Hua, K. and Sheu, S. 1997. Skyscraper broadcasting: A new broadcasting scheme for metropolitan video-on-demand systems. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Hua, K. A., Bagouet, O., and Oger, D. 2003. Periodic broadcast protocol for heterogeneous receivers. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. Juhn, L. and Tseng, L. 1997. Harmonic broadcasting for video-on-demand service. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. 43, 3, 268--271.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  20. Kim, T. and Ammar, M. 2001. A comparison of layering and stream replication video multicast schemes. In Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Legout, A. and Biersack, E. 2000. PLM: Fast convergence for cumulative layered multicast transmission schemes. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Li, X. and Ammar, M. H. 1996. Bandwidth control for replicated-stream multicast video distribution. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Distributed Computing. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. Li, X., Ammar, M. H., and Paul, S. 1999. Video multicast over the Internet. IEEE Netw. 13, 2, 46--60. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. Luby, M., Goyal, V., Skaria, S., and Horn, G. 2002. Wave and equation based rate control using multicast round trip time. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. Mahanti, A. 2004. Scalable Reliable On-demand Media Streaming Protocols. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Mahanti, A., Eager, D., and Vernon, M. 2005. Improving multirate congestion control using a TCP Vegas throughput model. Comput. Netw. 48, 2, 113--136.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Mahanti, A., Eager, D., Vernon, M., and Sundaram-Stukel, D. 2003. Scalable on-demand media streaming with packet loss recovery. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 11, 2 (April), 195--209. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. McCanne, S., Jacobson, V., and Vetterli, M. 1996. Receiver-driven layered multicast. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. Mitzenmacher, M. 2004. Digital fountains: A survey and look forward. In Proceedings of the IEEE Information Theory Workshop.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  30. Paris, J., Carter, S., and Long, D. 1998. Efficient broadcasting protocols for video-on-demand. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simalation of Computer and Telecommunication System. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. Qudah, B. and Sarhan, N. J. 2006. Towards scalable delivery of video streams to heterogeneous receivers. In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Conference. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. Rejaie, R., Handley, M., and Estrin, D. 1999a. Quality adaptation for congestion controlled video playback over the Internet. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Rejaie, R., Handley, M., and Estrin, D. 1999b. RAP: An end-to-end congestion control mechanism for realtime streams in the Internet. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. Rizzo, L. and Vicisano, L. 1997. A reliable multicast data distribution protocol based on software FEC techniques. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on High Performance Communication Systems.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Sen, S., Rexford, J., and Towsley, D. 1999. Proxy prefix caching for multimedia streams. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. Sherali, H. and Choi, G. 1996. Recovery of primal solutions when using subgradient optimization methods to solve Lagrangian duals of linear programs. Oper. Resea. Lett. 19, 5, 105--113. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. Tantaoui, M., Hua, K., and Do, T. 2004. BroadCatch: A periodic broadcast technique for heterogeneous video-on-demand. IEEE Trans. Broadcast 50, 3, 289--301.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  38. Turletti, T., Parisis, S., and Bolot, J. 1997. Experiments with a layered transmission scheme over the Internet. INRIA Tech. rep. 3296.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. Vicisano, L., Rizzo, L., and Crowcroft, J. 1998. TCP-like congestion control for layered video multicast data transfer. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. Viswanathan, S. and Imielinski, T. 1996. Metropolitan area video-on-demand service using pyramid broadcasting. Multimed. Syst. 4, 4, 197--208. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Wang, B., Sen, S., Adler, M., and Towsley, D. 2002. Optimal proxy cache allocation for efficient streaming media distribution. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  42. Widmer, J., Dende, R., and Mauve, M. 2001. A survey of TCP-friendly congestion control. IEEE Netw. 15, 3, 28--37. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. Zhao, Y., Eager, D., and Vernon, M. 2002. Network bandwidth requirements for scalable on-demand streaming. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  44. Zink, M., Künzel, O., Schmitt, J., and Steinmetz, R. 2003. Subjective impression of variations in layer encoded videos. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Scalable on-demand media streaming for heterogeneous clients

            Recommendations

            Comments

            Login options

            Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

            Sign in

            Full Access

            • Published in

              cover image ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications
              ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications  Volume 5, Issue 1
              October 2008
              201 pages
              ISSN:1551-6857
              EISSN:1551-6865
              DOI:10.1145/1404880
              Issue’s Table of Contents

              Copyright © 2008 ACM

              Publisher

              Association for Computing Machinery

              New York, NY, United States

              Publication History

              • Published: 30 October 2008
              • Accepted: 1 November 2007
              • Revised: 1 August 2007
              • Received: 1 April 2007
              Published in tomm Volume 5, Issue 1

              Permissions

              Request permissions about this article.

              Request Permissions

              Check for updates

              Qualifiers

              • research-article
              • Research
              • Refereed

            PDF Format

            View or Download as a PDF file.

            PDF

            eReader

            View online with eReader.

            eReader
            About Cookies On This Site

            We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website.

            Learn more

            Got it!