research-article

Collection tree protocol

Authors:

Omprakash Gnawali,

Rodrigo Fonseca,

David Moss, and

Philip LevisAuthors Info & Claims

SenSys '09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

November 2009

Pages 1 - 14

https://doi.org/10.1145/1644038.1644040

Published: 04 November 2009 Publication History

Abstract

This paper presents and evaluates two principles for wireless routing protocols. The first is datapath validation: data traffic quickly discovers and fixes routing inconsistencies. The second is adaptive beaconing: extending the Trickle algorithm to routing control traffic reduces route repair latency and sends fewer beacons.

We evaluate datapath validation and adaptive beaconing in CTP Noe, a sensor network tree collection protocol. We use 12 different testbeds ranging in size from 20--310 nodes, comprising seven platforms, and six different link layers, on both interference-free and interference-prone channels. In all cases, CTP Noe delivers > 90% of packets. Many experiments achieve 99.9%. Compared to standard beaconing, CTP Noe sends 73% fewer beacons while reducing topology repair latency by 99.8%. Finally, when using low-power link layers, CTP Noe has duty cycles of 3% while supporting aggregate loads of 30 packets/minute.

References

[1]

Texas Instruments, CC1100 Data Sheet. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc1100.pdf, 2003.

[2]

The MultiHopLQI protocol. http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/lib/net/lqi, 2009.

[3]

G.-S. Ahn, E. Miluzzo, A. Campbell, S. Hong, and F. Cuomo. Funneling MAC: A Localized, Sink-Oriented MAC for Boosting Fidelity in Sensor Networks. In Proc. of the ACM SenSys Conf., pages 293--306, Boulder, CO, Nov. 2006.

Digital Library

[4]

M. Bathula, M. Ramezanali, I. Pradhan, N. Patel, J. Gotschall, and N. Sridhar. A sensor network system for measuring traffic in short-term construction work zones. In Proc. of DCOSS '09, pages 216--230, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009. Springer-Verlag.

Digital Library

[5]

N. Burri, P. von Rickenbach, and R. Wattenhofer. Dozer: ultra-low power data gathering in sensor networks. In Proc. of the IPSN Conf., pages 450--459, New York, NY, 2007.

Digital Library

[6]

D. S. J. D. Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, and R. Morris. A High-Throughput Path Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing. In Proc. of the ACM MobiCom Conf., San Diego, CA, Sept. 2003.

Digital Library

[7]

A. Dhananjay, H. Zhang, J. Li, and L. Subramanian. Practical, Distributed Channel Assignment and Routing in Dual-radio Mesh Networks. In Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM Conf., Aug. 2009.

Digital Library

[8]

R. Draves, J. Padhye, and B. Zill. Comparison of routing metrics for static multi-hop wireless networks. In Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM Conf., pages 133--144, Portland, OR, Aug. 2004.

Digital Library

[9]

C. T. Ee and R. Bajcsy. Congestion control and fairness for many-to-one routing in sensor networks. In Proc. of the ACM SenSys Conf., pages 148--161, Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2004.

Digital Library

[10]

R. Fonseca, O. Gnawali, K. Jamieson, S. Kim, P. Levis, and A. Woo. TEP 123: The Collection Tree Protocol, Aug. 2006.

[11]

R. Fonseca, O. Gnawali, K. Jamieson, and P. Levis. Four Bit Wireless Link Estimation. In Hotnets-VI, Atlanta, GA, Nov. 2007.

[12]

J. W. Hui and D. E. Culler. IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the SenSys Conf., pages 15--28, New York, NY, 2008.

Digital Library

[13]

B. Hull, K. Jamieson, and H. Balakrishnan. Mitigating congestion in wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the ACM SenSys Conf., pages 134--147, Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2004.

Digital Library

[14]

S. Kim, R. Fonseca, P. Dutta, A. Tavakoli, D. Culler, P. Levis, S. Shenker, and I. Stoica. Flush: a reliable bulk transport protocol for multihop wireless networks. In Proc. of the ACM SenSys Conf., pages 351--365. ACM, 2007.

Digital Library

[15]

J. Ko, T. Gao, and A. Terzis. Empirical Study of a Medical Sensor Application in an Urban Emergency Department. In BodyNets '09: 4th Intl Conference on Body Area Networks.

Digital Library

[16]

K. Langendoen, A. Baggio, and O. Visser. Murphy loves potatoes: Experiences from a pilot sensor network deployment in precision agriculture. In 14th Int. Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Real-Time Systems (WPDRTS), pages 1--8, apr 2006.

[17]

P. Levis, N. Lee, M. Welsh, and D. Culler. TOSSIM: Simulating large wireless sensor networks of tinyos motes. pages 126--137, Los Angeles, CA, Nov. 2003.

[18]

P. Levis, N. Patel, D. Culler, and S. Shenker. Trickle: A self-regulating algorithm for code maintenance and propagation in wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the USENIX NSDI Conf., San Francisco, CA, Mar. 2004.

Digital Library

[19]

J. Li, C. Blake, D. S. D. Couto, H. I. Lee, and R. Morris. Capacity of Ad Hoc wireless networks. In Proc. of MobiCom, pages 61--69. ACM, 2001.

Digital Library

[20]

C. Lu, B. M. Blum, T. F. Abdelzaher, J. A. Stankovic, and T. He. RAP: A Real-Time Communication Architecture for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proc. of the IEEE RTAS Symposium, San Jose, CA, September 2002.

Digital Library

[21]

A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, and J. Anderson. Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring. In Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications, Sept. 2002.

Digital Library

[22]

R. Musaloiu-E., C.-J. Liang, and A. Terzis. Koala: Ultra-low power data retrieval in wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN 2008), 2008.

Digital Library

[23]

D. Pei, X. Zhao, D. Massey, and L. Zhang. A study of bgp path vector route looping behavior. In ICDCS '04: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'04), pages 720--729, Washington, DC, USA, 2004. IEEE Computer Society.

Digital Library

[24]

C. Perkins and P. Bhagwat. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. Computer Comm. Review, October 1994.

Digital Library

[25]

J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the ACM SenSys Conf., pages 95--107, Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2004.

Digital Library

[26]

S. Rangwala, R. Gummadi, R. Govindan, and K. Psounis. Interference-aware fair rate control in wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM Conf., pages 63--74, Pisa, Italy, Aug. 2006.

Digital Library

[27]

Y. Sankarasubramaniam, Özgür Akan, and I. Akyildiz. ESRT: Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proc. of the ACM Mobihoc Conf., pages 177--189, Annapolis, MD, June 2003.

Digital Library

[28]

T. Schoellhammer, B. Greenstein, and D. Estrin. Hyper: A routing protocol to support mobile users of sensor networks. Technical Report 2013, CENS, 2006.

[29]

K. Srinivasan, M. Kazandjieva, S. Agarwal, and P. Levis. The beta-factor: Measuring wireless link burstiness. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), 2008.

Digital Library

[30]

F. Stann and J. Heidemann. RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks. In Proc. of the IEEE SNPA Workshop, pages 102--112, Anchorage, AK, May 2003.

[31]

G. Tolle, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. E. Culler, N. Turner, K. Tu, S. Burgess, T. Dawson, P. Buonadonna, D. Gay, and W. Hong. A macroscope in the redwoods. In Proc. of the ACM SenSys Conf., pages 51--63, San Diego, CA, Nov. 2005.

Digital Library

[32]

C.-Y. Wan, A. Campbell, and L. Krishnamurthy. PSFQ: a Reliable Transport Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proc. of the ACM WSNA Workshop, pages 1--11, Atlanta, GA, 2002.

Digital Library

[33]

C.-Y. Wan, S. Eisenman, and A. Campbell. CODA: Congestion Detection and Avoidance in Sensor Networks. In Proc. ACM SenSys, pages 266--279, Nov. 2003.

Digital Library

[34]

C. Y. Wan, S. Eisenman, A. Campbell, and J. Crowcroft. Siphon: Overload Traffic Management using Multi-Radio Virtual Sinks. In Proc. of the ACM SenSys Conf., pages 116--129, San Diego, CA, Nov. 2005.

Digital Library

[35]

G. Werner-Allen, S. Dawson-Haggerty, and M. Welsh. Lance: Optimizing High-Resolution Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proc. of the ACM SenSys Conf., Nov. 2008.

Digital Library

[36]

G. Werner-Allen, K. Lorincz, J. Johnson, J. Lees, and M. Welsh. Fidelity and Yield in a Volcano Monitoring Sensor Network. In USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, Seattle, WA, Nov. 2006.

Digital Library

[37]

A. Woo and D. E. Culler. A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the seventh annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, Rome, Italy, July 2001.

Digital Library

[38]

A. Woo, T. Tong, and D. Culler. Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks. In Proc. ACM SenSys, pages 14--27, Los Angeles, CA, Nov. 2003.

Digital Library

[39]

H. Zhang, A. Arora, Y. R. Choi, and M. Gouda. Reliable bursty convergecast in wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 30(13):2560--2576, Dec. 2007.

Digital Library

[40]

H. Zhang, A. Arora, and P. Sinha. Learn on the fly: Data-driven link estimation and routing in sensor network backbones. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.

Cited By

Zhu YYang BLiu MLi Z(2024)UAV Trajectory Optimization for Large-Scale and Low-Power Data Collection: An Attention-Reinforced Learning SchemeIEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications10.1109/TWC.2023.330490023:4(3009-3024)Online publication date: Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3304900
Bose SChowdhury AMukherjee N(2024)Scheduling periodic sensors for instantaneous aggregated traffic minimizationWireless Networks10.1007/s11276-024-03722-4Online publication date: 17-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03722-4
Shetty SShetty MKishore VShetty P(2024)Trickle timer modification for RPL in Internet of thingsSoft Computing10.1007/s00500-023-09564-028:3(2621-2635)Online publication date: 8-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09564-0
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Collection tree protocol
1. Networks
  1. Network protocols
  2. Network types
    1. Mobile networks
    2. Wireless access networks

Recommendations

Fixed node assisted collection tree protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks

The collection tree protocol (CTP) is widely used in static wireless sensor network applications. With the increasing deployment of mobile WSNs, the performance of this scheme in mobile scenarios becomes extremely important. The motivation in using ...
Read More
EZRP: an enhanced zone-based routing protocol for ad-hoc networks: Research Articles
Performance Analysis and Enhancements of Wireless Networks

In mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), the nodes intercommunicate through single-hop and multi-hop paths in a peer-to-peer fashion. Intermediate nodes between two pairs of communication nodes act as routers. Thus, the nodes operate both as hosts and ...
Read More
On-demand multicast routing protocol in multihop wireless mobile networks

An ad hoc network is a dynamically reconfigurable wireless network with no fixed infrastructure or central administration. Each host is mobile and must act as a router. Routing and multicasting protocols in ad hoc networks are faced with the challenge ...
Read More

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

SenSys '09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

November 2009

438 pages

ISBN:9781605585192

DOI:10.1145/1644038

General Chair:
David Culler
University of California, Berkeley
,
Program Chairs:
Jie Liu
Microsoft Research
,
Matt Welsh
Harvard University

Copyright © 2009 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 04 November 2009

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

National Science Foundation

Conference

SenSys09

Sponsor:

SenSys09: The 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems

November 4 - 6, 2009

California, Berkeley

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 174 of 867 submissions, 20%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

1,042
Total Citations
View Citations
3,294
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)71
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)10

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Zhu YYang BLiu MLi Z(2024)UAV Trajectory Optimization for Large-Scale and Low-Power Data Collection: An Attention-Reinforced Learning SchemeIEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications10.1109/TWC.2023.330490023:4(3009-3024)Online publication date: Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3304900
Bose SChowdhury AMukherjee N(2024)Scheduling periodic sensors for instantaneous aggregated traffic minimizationWireless Networks10.1007/s11276-024-03722-4Online publication date: 17-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03722-4
Shetty SShetty MKishore VShetty P(2024)Trickle timer modification for RPL in Internet of thingsSoft Computing10.1007/s00500-023-09564-028:3(2621-2635)Online publication date: 8-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09564-0
Obi EMammeri ZOchia O(2023)A Centralized Routing for Lifetime and Energy Optimization in WSNs Using Genetic Algorithm and Least-Square Policy IterationComputers10.3390/computers1202002212:2(22)Online publication date: 18-Jan-2023
https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12020022
Ahmad FChaudhry MJamal MSohail MGavilanes DVergara MAshraf I(2023)Formal modeling and analysis of security schemes of RPL protocol using colored Petri netsPLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.028570018:8(e0285700)Online publication date: 17-Aug-2023
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285700
Trüb RDa Forno RBiri ABeutel JThiele L(2023)LSR: Energy-Efficient Multi-Modulation Communication for Inhomogeneous Wireless IoT NetworksACM Transactions on Internet of Things10.1145/35793664:2(1-36)Online publication date: 13-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3579366
Manuel EPankajakshan VMohan M(2023)Energy-efficient Data Aggregation in Low-power Wireless Networks with Sensors of Discrete Transmission Ranges: A Mathematical Framework for Network DesignIEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering10.1109/TNSE.2023.3274693(1-12)Online publication date: 2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2023.3274693
Okdem SShi H(2023)A Real-Time Link Quality Estimation Method for IEEE 802.15.4 Based Wireless Sensor Network and IoT Devices2023 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)10.1109/IWCMC58020.2023.10182660(1-6)Online publication date: 19-Jun-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/IWCMC58020.2023.10182660
Tondon RGhaldiyal SKaushik NKumar VPadmanaban SChavhan G(2023)Radio Diversity for Reliable Communication in WSNS2023 IEEE International Conference on Paradigm Shift in Information Technologies with Innovative Applications in Global Scenario (ICPSITIAGS)10.1109/ICPSITIAGS59213.2023.10527636(423-428)Online publication date: 28-Dec-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPSITIAGS59213.2023.10527636
Tcherak AKhaoua MLoucif S(2023)Performance Evaluation of SDN-WISE in Mobile Wireless Sensors Networks2023 International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Control and Communication Systems (ICAECCS)10.1109/ICAECCS56710.2023.10104806(1-6)Online publication date: 6-Mar-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAECCS56710.2023.10104806
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents