Abstract
Three-dimensional tele-immersive (3DTI) environments have great potential to promote collaborative work among geographically distributed users. However, most existing 3DTI systems only work with two sites due to the huge demand of resources and the lack of a simple yet powerful networking model to handle connectivity, scalability, and quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees.
In this article, we explore the design space from the angle of multi-stream management to enable multi-party 3DTI communication. Multiple correlated 3D video streams are employed to provide a comprehensive representation of the physical scene in each 3DTI environment, and are rendered together to establish a common cyberspace among all participating 3DTI environments. The existence of multi-stream correlation provides the unique opportunity for new approaches in QoS provisioning. Previous work mostly concentrated on compression and adaptation techniques on the per-stream basis while ignoring the application layer semantics and the coordination required among streams. We propose an innovative and generalized ViewCast model to coordinate the multi-stream content dissemination over an overlay network. ViewCast leverages view semantics in 3D free-viewpoint video systems to fill the gap between high-level user interest and low-level stream management. In ViewCast, only the view information is specified by the user/application, while the underlying control dynamically performs stream differentiation, selection, coordination, and dissemination. We present the details of ViewCast and evaluate it through both simulation and 3DTI sessions among tele-immersive environments residing in different institutes across the Internet2. Our experimental results demonstrate the implementation feasibility and performance enhancement of ViewCast in supporting multi-party 3DTI collaboration.
- 3DAV Report. 2003. Report on 3dav exploration. International Organisation for Standardisation, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N5878.Google Scholar
- Baker, H. H., Bhatti, N., Tanguay, D., Sobel, I., Gelb, D., Goss, M. E., Culbertson, W. B., and Malzbender, T. 2005. Understanding performance in coliseum, an immersive videoconferencing system. ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Comm. Appl. 1, 2, 190--210. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Banerjee, S., Bhattacharjee, B., and Kommareddy, C. 2002. Scalable application layer multicast. SIGCOMM Comput. Comm. Rev. 32, 4, 205--217. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Bauer, F. and Varma, A. 1997. Aries: A rearrangeable inexpensive edge-based on-line Steiner algorithm. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 382--397. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Castro, M., Druschel, P., Kermarrec, A.-M., Nandi, A., Rowstron, A., and Singh, A. 2003. Splitstream: high-bandwidth multicast in cooperative environments. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP). ACM, New York, NY, 298--313. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Chen, M. 2001. Design of a virtual auditorium. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MULTIMEDIA). ACM, New York, NY, 19--28. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Chu, Y. H., Rao, S. G., and Zhang, H. 2000. A case for end system multicast. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems (SIGMETRICS). ACM, New York, NY, 1--12. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Cui, Y. and Nahrstedt, K. 2003. Layered peer-to-peer streaming. In Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV). ACM, New York, NY, 162--171. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Daniilidis, K., Mulligan, J., McKendall, R., Schmid, D., Kamberova, G., and Bajcsy, R. 2000. Real-time 3d-teleimmersion. In Confluence of Computer Vision and Computer Graphics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 253--265. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Gharai, L., Perkins, C., Riley, C., and Mankin, A. 2002. Large scale video conferencing: A digital amphitheater. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems (DMS). 137--143.Google Scholar
- Greenhalgh, C. and Benford, S. 1995. Massive: a collaborative virtual environment for teleconferencing. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Inter. 2, 3, 239--261. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Gross, M., Würmlin, S., Naef, M., Lamboray, E., Spagno, C., Kunz, A., Koller-Meier, E., Svoboda, T., Gool, L. V., Lang, S., Strehlke, K., Moere, A. V., and Staadt, O. 2003. blue-c: a spatially immersive display and 3d video portal for telepresence. ACM Trans. Graph. 22, 3, 819--827. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Hosseini, M. and Georganas, N. D. 2003. Design of a multi-sender 3d videoconferencing application over an end system multicast protocol. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MULTIMEDIA). ACM Press, New York, NY, 480--489. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Jannotti, J., Gifford, D. K., Johnson, K. L., Kaashoek, M. F., and James W. O'Toole, J. 2000. Overcast: reliable multicasting with on overlay network. In Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Symposium on Operating System Design & Implementation (OSDI). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 197--212. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kauff, P. and Schreer, O. 2002. An immersive 3d video-conferencing system using shared virtual team user environments. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVE). ACM, New York, NY, 105--112. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Mulligan, J., Isler, V., and Daniilidis, K. 2001. Trinocular stereo: a real-time algorithm and its evaluation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Stereo and Multi-Baseline Vision (SMBV). 10--17. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ott, D. E. and Mayer-Patel, K. 2004. Coordinated multi-streaming for 3d tele-immersion. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MULTIMEDIA). ACM Press, New York, NY, 596--603. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Raskar, R., Welch, G., Cutts, M., Lake, A., Stesin, L., and Fuchs, H. 1998. The office of the future: a unified approach to image-based modeling and spatially immersive displays. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Technique (SIGGRAPH). ACM Press, New York, NY, 179--188. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Reynard, G., Benford, S., Greenhalgh, C., and Heath, C. 1998. Awareness driven video quality of service in collaborative virtual environments. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, 464--471. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Schreer, O., Brandenburg, N., Askar, S., and Trucco, E. 2001. A virtual 3d video-conferencing system providing semi-immersive telepresence: A real-time solution in hardware and software. In Proceedings of the International Conference on eWork and eBusiness. 184--190.Google Scholar
- Shi, S., Wang, L., Calvert, K. L., and Griffioen, J. N. 2004. A multi-path routing service for immersive environments. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID). IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 699--706. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Sripanidkulchai, K., Maggs, B., and Zhang, H. 2004. An analysis of live streaming workloads on the internet. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement (IMC). ACM, New York, NY, 41--54. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Sriram, R., Manimaran, G., and Murthy, C. 1999. A rearrangeable algorithm for the construction of delay-constrained dynamic multicast trees. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). New York, NY, 1073--1080.Google Scholar
- TEEVE. 2006. Teeve project, http://cairo.cs.uiuc.edu/teleimmersion, http://tele-immersion.citris-uc.org.Google Scholar
- Würmlin, S., Lamboray, E., and Gross, M. 2003. 3d video fragmens: dynamic point samples for real-time free-viewpoint video. Tech. rep. No. 397. Institute of Scientific Computing, ETH, Zurich.Google Scholar
- Yang, Z., Cui, Y., Anwar, Z., Bocchino, R., Kiyanclar, N., Nahrstedt, K., Campbell, R. H., and Yurcik, W. 2006a. Real-time 3d video compression for tele-immersive environments. In Proceedings of the SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN). 12--23.Google Scholar
- Yang, Z., Nahrstedt, K., Cui, Y., Yu, B., Liang, J., hack Jung, S., and Bajscy, R. 2005. Teeve: the next generation architecture for tele-immersive environments. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). 112--119. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Yang, Z., Wu, W., Nahrstedt, K., Kurillo, G., and Bajcsy, R. 2007. Viewcast: view dissemination and management for multi-party 3d tele-immersive environments. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Multimedia (MULTIMEDIA). ACM, New York, NY, 882--891. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Yang, Z., Yu, B., Nahrstedt, K., and Bajscy, R. 2006b. A multi-stream adaptation framework for bandwidth management in 3d tele-immersion. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV). ACM, New York, NY, 1--6. Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
Enabling multi-party 3D tele-immersive environments with ViewCast
Recommendations
3DTI Amphitheater: Towards 3DTI Broadcasting
Special Issue on MMSYS 20143DTI Amphitheater is a live broadcasting system for dissemination of 3DTI (3D Tele-immersive) content. The virtual environment constructed by the system mimics an amphitheater in the real world, where performers interact with each other in the central ...
ViewCast: view dissemination and management for multi-party 3d tele-immersive environments
MM '07: Proceedings of the 15th ACM international conference on MultimediaReal-time distributed multi-party/multi-stream systems are becoming more popular in many areas such as 3D tele-immersion, multi-camera conferencing and security surveillance. However, the construction of such systems in large scale is impeded by the ...
Towards coordinated bandwidth adaptations for hundred-scale 3D tele-immersive systems
3D tele-immersion improves the state of collaboration among geographically distributed participants. Unlike the traditional 2D videos, a 3D tele-immersive system employs multiple 3D cameras based in each physical site to cover a much larger field of ...






Comments