Abstract
Model-driven development has become more and more important in the last few years. In the context of web application development, many web Engineering methods that propose model-driven development processes have appeared. However, earlier stages of these processes are seldom considered and few of these methods rigorously face the problems of specifying web application requirements and translating them into the proper conceptual model. However, it is widely recognized that requirements engineering activities are essential to obtain quality software products.
This article surveys Model-driven web engineering methods in a comparative study and analyzes the techniques proposed for specifying functional, data and navigational requirements as well as the mechanisms provided for automatically translating these requirements into conceptual models. Our main goal is to provide a critical view of the support that is provided by these methods for handling web application requirements in order to show their current limitations and strengths.
- Acerbis, R., Bongio, A., Brambilla, M., Tisi, M., Ceri, S., and Tosetti, E. 2007. Developing eBusiness Solutions with a model driven approach: The case of Acer EMEA. In Proceedings of the 7th International conference on web Engineering. 539--544. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ashworth, C. M. 1989. Using SSADM to specify requirements. In Proceedings of the IEE Colloquium on Requirements Capture and Specification for Critical Systems. AIMS Systems, London.Google Scholar
- Atkinson, C. and Kuhne, T. 2003. Model-driven development: A metamodeling foundation. IEEE Softw. 20, 5, 36--41. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Baresi, L., Garzotto, F., and Paolini, P. 2001. Extending UML for modeling Web applications. In Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Brambilla, M. 2003. Extending hypertext conceptual models with process-oriented primitives. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. 246--262.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Brambilla, M., Ceri, S., Fraternali, P., and Manolescu, I. 2006. Process modeling in Web applications. ACM Trans. Softw. Engin. Method. (ACM TOSEM) 15 , 4, 360--409. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Burdman, J. 1999. Collaborative Web Development. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Cachero, C. 2003. Una extensión a los métodos OO para el modelado y generación automática de interfaces hipermediales. PhD dissertation (in Spanish). Universidad de Alicante. Alicante, Spain.Google Scholar
- Cachero, C., and Koch, N. 2002. Navigation analysis and navigation design in OO-H and UWE. Tech. rep. Universidad de Alicante, Spain.Google Scholar
- Ceri, S., Fraternali, P., and Bongio, A. 2000. Web modeling language (WebML): A modeling language for designing Web sites. Comput. Netw. 33, 1-6, 137--157. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ceri, S., Fraternali, P., Bongio, A., Brambilla M., Comai S., and Matera M. 2003. Designing Data-Intensive Web Applications. Morgan Kaufman. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Conallen, J. 1999. Building Web Applications with UML. Addison Wesley. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Conklin, J. 1987. Hypertext: An introduction and survey. IEEE Comput. 20, 9, 17--41. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Cowan, D. D. and Lucena, C. J. P. 1995. Abstract data views, An interface concept to enhance design for reuse. IEEE Trans. Softw. Engin. 21, 3. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Demarco, T. 1979. Structured Analysis and System Specification. Yourdon Press. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- De Troyer, O. and Leune, C. 1998. WSDM: A user-centered design method for web sites. Computer networks and ISDN systems, In Proceedings of the 7th International World Wide web Conference, Elsevier, 85--94. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- De Troyer, O., Casteleyn, S., and Plessers, P. 2008. WSDM: Web semantics design method. Web Engineering: Modelling and Implementing Web Applications. Human-Computer Interaction Book Series, Springer. 303--351.Google Scholar
- England, E. and Finney, A. 1999. Managing Multimedia: Project Management for Interactive Media. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Epner, M. 2000. Poor project management number-one problem of outsourced e-projects. Research Briefs, Cutter Consortium.Google Scholar
- Escalona, M. J. and Koch, N. 2004. Requirements engineering for Web applications: A comparative study. J. Web Engin., Rinton Press, 2, 3, 193--212. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Escalona, M. J. and Koch, N. 2007. Metamodelling the requirements of Web systems. Lecture Notes in Bussiness Information Process, vol. 1, Springer Verlag, 267--288.Google Scholar
- Escalona, M. J. and Aragón, G. 2008. NDT: A model driven approach for Web requirements. IEEE Trans. Softw. Engin. 34, 3, 377--390. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Escalona, M. J., Mejas, M., and Torres, J. 2004. Developing systems with NDT and NDT-tool. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information Systems Development. 149--159.Google Scholar
- Fons, J., Pelechano, V., Albert, M., and Pastor, O. 2003a. Development of Web applications from web enhanced conceptual schemas. In Proceedings of the 22th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER’03). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, v. 2813.Google Scholar
- Fons, J., Valderas, P., Ruiz, M., Rojas, G., and Pastor, O. 2003b. OOWS: A method to develop web applications from Web-oriented conceptual models. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Web Oriented Software Technology. 65--70.Google Scholar
- Frasincar, F., Houben, G. J., and Vdovjak, R. 2002. Specification framework for engineering adaptive Web applications. In Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference. Hawaii, USA. http://www2002.org/CDROM/alternate/682/.Google Scholar
- Garrigos, I., Gomez, J., Barna, P., and Houben, G. J. 2005. A reusable personalization model in web application design. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Web Information Systems Modelling (In Conjunction with ICWE’05).Google Scholar
- Garzotto, F., Paolini, P., and Schwabe, D. 1993. HDM - A model-based approach to hypertext application design. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 11, 1, 1--26. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Gellersen, H. W. and Gaedke, M. 1999. Object-oriented Web application development. Internet Comput. 3, 1, 60--68. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Gomez, J., Cachero, C., and Pastor, O. 2000. Extending a conceptual modelling approach to Web application design. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. 79--93. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Greenspun, P. 1999. Philip and Alex guide to Web publishing. http://photo.net/wtr/thebook. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- GVU. 1997. Graphics, visualization, and usability center’s 8th WWW user survey. http:/www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/.Google Scholar
- IEEE. 1998. Guide to Software Requirements Specifications. ANSI/IEEE Standard 830-1998.Google Scholar
- Isakowitz, T., Stohr, E., and Balasubramanian, P. 1995. RMM: A methodology for structured hypermedia design. Comm. ACM 8, 38, 34--44. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kappel, G., Pröll, B., Retschitzegger, W., and Schwinger, W. 2001. Modelling customizable Web applications - A requirement’s perspective. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Data Semantic in Web Information Systems.Google Scholar
- Knapp, A., Koch, N., Moser, F., and Zhang, G. 2003. ArgoUWE: A CASE tool for Web applications. In Proceedings of EMSISE’03.Google Scholar
- Koch, N. 1999. A comparative study of methods for hypermedia development. Tech. rep. 9905, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
- Koch, N. 2000. Software engineering for adaptive hypermedia applications. PhD dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
- Koch, N., Zhang, G., and Escalona, M. J. 2006. Model transformations from requirements to Web system design. In Proceedings of the ICWE’06. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lang, M., And Fitzgerald, B. 2007. Web-based systems design: A study of contemporary practices and an explanatory framework based on “method-in-action”. Int. J. Req. Eng. 12, 4, 203--220. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lange, D. 1996. An object-oriented design approach for developing hypermedia information systems. J. Organ. Comput. Electron. Comm. 6, 3, 269--293. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lee, H., Lee, C., and Yoo, C. 1998. A scenario-based object-oriented methodology for developing hypermedia information systems. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lowe, D. 2003. Web system requirements: An overview. Int. J. Req. Eng. 8, 2, 102--113.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lowe, D. and Eklund, J. 2002. Client needs and the design process in Web projects. In Proceedings of the Web Engineering Track of the WWW2002 Conference.Google Scholar
- Mandel, L., Koch, N., and Maier, C. 1998. Extending UML to model hypermedia and distributed systems. Tech. rep. 9804, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institut für Informatik.Google Scholar
- MDWE. 2007. International Workshop on Model-Driven Web Engineering. http://wise.vub.ac.be/mdwe2007/.Google Scholar
- Mecca, G., Atzeni, P., and Crescenzi, V. 1999. The ARANEUS guide to Web-site development. Tech. rep., University of Rome, Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
- Meliá, S. and Gomez, J. 2006. The WebSA approach: Applying model driven engineering to Web applications. J. Web Eng. 5, 2, 121--149. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Mellor, S. J., Clark, A. N., and Futagami, T. 2003. Model-driven development - Guest editor’s introduction. IEEE Softw. 20, 5, 14--18. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Molina, F., Pardillo, J., Cachero, C., and Toval, A. 2008. Towards a requirements-aware common web engineering metamodel. In Proceedings of the 2008 Latin American Web Conference. IEEE Computer Society, 75--82. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Nanard, J. and Nanard, M. 1995. Hypertext design environments and the hypertext design process. Commun. ACM 38, 8, 49--56. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Newman, M. W. and Landay, J. A. 1999. Sitemaps, storyboards, and specifications: A sketch of Web site design practice as manifested through artifacts. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Designing Interactive Systems. 263--274 Google Scholar
Digital Library
- NUA. 1998. Nua Internet surveys. http://www.nua.ie/surveys/.Google Scholar
- Nunes, D. A. and Schwabe, D. 2006. Rapid prototyping of Web applications combining domain specific languages and model driven design. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Web Engineering. 153--160. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Olsina, L. 1998. Building a Web-based information system applying the hypermedia flexible process modeling strategy. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Hypermedia Development, Hypertext.Google Scholar
- OMG 2005. Model Driven Arhictecture. Object Management Group. http://www.omg.org/mda/.Google Scholar
- OMG. 2008. Meta Object Facilities (MOF) Query / Views / Transformations 1.0 (QVT). Object Management Group. http://www.omg.org.Google Scholar
- Overmyer, S. P. 2000. What’s different about requirements engineering for Web sites? Int. J. Req. Eng. 5, 1, 62--65.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Pastor, O., Insfran, E., Pelechano, V., Romero, J., and Merseguer, J. 1997. OO-METHOD: An OO software production environment combining conventional and formal methods. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. 145--158. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Pastor, O., Abrahão, S., and Fons, J. 2000. OOWS: An object-oriented approach for Web-solutions modeling. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Information Society. 126--129.Google Scholar
- Pastor, O., Fons, J., Pelechano, V., and Abrahão, S. 2005. Conceptual modelling of web applications: the OOWS approach. In Proceedings of the Theory and Practice of Metrics and Measurement for Web Development, E. Mendes Ed., Springer.Google Scholar
- Paternò, F., Mancini, C., and Meniconi, S. 1997. ConcurTaskTree: A diagrammatic notation for specifying task models. In Proceedings of INTERACT’97. Chapman & Hall, 362--369. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Preciado, J. C., Trigueros, M. L., Sanchez, F., and Comai, S. 2005. Necessity of methodologies to model rich Internet applications. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Workshop on Web Site Evolution. 7--13. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Schwabe, D. and Rossi, G. 1994. From domain models to hypermedia applications: An object-oriented approach. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Methodologies for Designing and Developing Hypermedia Applications.Google Scholar
- Schwabe, D., Rossi, G., and Barbosa, S. D. J. 1996. Systematic hypermedia application design with OOHDM. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Hypertext. 116--128. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Schwabe, D. and De Almeida Pontes, R. 1998. OOHDM-WEB: Rapid prototyping of hypermedia applications in the WWW, Tech. rep. MCC 08/98, Department of Informatitcs, PUC-Rio.Google Scholar
- Schwinger, W. and Koch, N. 2006. Modeling Web applications. In Web Engineering -- Systematic Development of Web Applications. Wiley, 39--64.Google Scholar
- Selic, B. 2003. The pragmatics of model-driven development. IEEE Softw. 20, 5, 19--25. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Shepherd, A. 2001. Hierarchical Task Analysis. Taylor & Francis, London.Google Scholar
- Souer, J., Van De Weerd, I., Versendaal, J., and Brinkkemper, S. 2007. Situational requirements engineering for the development of content management system-based web applications. Int. J. Web Eng. Tech. 3, 4. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Taylor, M. J., McWilliam, J., Forsyth, H., and Wade, S. 2002. Methodologies and website development: A survey of practice. Inf. Soft. Tech. 44, 6, 381--391.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Thomson, J., Greer, J., and Cooke, J. 1998. Algorithmically detectable design patterns for hypermedia collections. In Proceedings of Workshop on Hypermedia Development Process, Methods and Models (Hypertext’98).Google Scholar
- Valderas, P. 2008. A requirements engineering approach for the development of Web applications. PhD dissertation. Technical University of Valencia.Google Scholar
- Valderas, P., Pelechano, V., and Pastor, O. 2007. A transformational approach to produce Web application prototypes from a Web requirements model. Int. J. Web Eng. Technol. 3, 1, 4--42. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Vallecillo, A., Koch, N., Cachero, C., Comai, S., Fraternali, P., Garrigós, I., Gómez, J., Kappel, G., Knapp, A., Matera, M., Meliá, S., Moreno, N., Pröll, B., Reiter, T., Retschitzegger, W., Rivera, J. E., Schauerhuber, A., Schwinger, W., Wimmer, M., and Zhang, G. 2007. MDWEnet: A practical approach to achieving interoperability of model-driven Web engineering methods. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Model-Driven Web Engineering (In Conjunction with ICWE’07).Google Scholar
- Valverde, F., Valderas, P., and Fons, J. 2007. A MDA-based environment for web applications development: From conceptual models to code. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Web Oriented Software Technology. 164--178.Google Scholar
- Vilain, P. and Schwabe, D. 2002. Improving the Web application design process with UIDs. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web Oriented Software Technology (IWWOST02).Google Scholar
- Vilain, P., Schwabe, D., and Sieckenius, C. 2000a. A diagrammatic tool for representing user interaction in UML. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.Google Scholar
- Vilain, P., Schwabe, D., and Sieckenius, C. 2000b. Use cases and scenarios in the conceptual design of Web application. Tech. rep. MCC 12/00. Departamento de Informática. PUC-Rio. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.Google Scholar
- Vora, P. R. 1998. Designing for the Web: A survey. ACM Interactions 5, 3, 13--30 Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Woukeu, A., Carr, L., Wills, G., and Hall, W. 2003. Rethinking Web design models: Requirements for addressing the content. Tech. rep. ECSTR-IAM03-002, University of Southampton.Google Scholar
- Yoo, J. and Bieber, M. 2001. A systematic relationship analysis for modeling information domains. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/312025.html.Google Scholar
Index Terms
A Survey of Requirements Specification in Model-Driven Development of Web Applications
Recommendations
Transformation techniques in the model-driven development process of UWE
ICWE '06: Workshop proceedings of the sixth international conference on Web engineeringDevelopment of Web software is still an inefficient and error-prone process. We need integrated techniques and tool support for automated generation of Web systems. The goal of model-driven development (MDD) is to tackle these problems introducing a ...
Introducing requirements traceability support in model-driven development of web applications
In this work, we present an approach that introduces requirements traceability capabilities in the context of model-driven development of Web applications. This aspect allows us to define model-to-model transformations that not only provide a software ...
A transformational approach to produce web application prototypes from a web requirements model
There are a significant number of proposals for modelling and developing web applications, but very few of them rigorously deal with how to elicit and represent requirements, and how to go from the Requirements Model to the Conceptual Model with a sound ...








Comments