Abstract
We propose an adaptive scheduling technique to schedule highly dynamic multimedia tasks on a CPU. We use a combination of two techniques: the first one is a feedback mechanism to track the resource requirements of the tasks based on “local” observations. The second one is a mechanism that operates with a “global” visibility, reclaiming unused bandwidth. The combination proves very effective: resource reclaiming increases the robustness of the feedback, while the identification of the correct bandwidth made by the feedback increases the effectiveness of the reclamation. We offer both theoretical results and an extensive experimental validation of the approach.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
The proof is given in an electronic appendix, available online in the ACM Digital Library.
- Abeni, L. and Buttazzo, G. 1998. Integrating multimedia applications in hard real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’98). IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Abeni, L. and Buttazzo, G. 1999. Adaptive bandwidth reservation for multimedia computing. In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE Real Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA’99). IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Abeni, L. and Buttazzo, G. 2001. Hierarchical QoS management for time sensitive applications. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’01). IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Abeni, L., Palopoli, L., Lipari, G., and Walpole, J. 2002. Analysis of a reservation-based feedback scheduler. In Proceedings of the 23th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’02). IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Abeni, L., Cucinotta, T., Lipari, G., Marzario, L., and Palopoli, L. 2004. Adaptive reservations in a Linux based environment. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’04). IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Baruah, S., Lipari, G., and Abeni, L. 2008. SHRUB: Shared reclamation of unused bandwidth. Tech. rep., Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna. http://retis.sssup.it/~lipari/papers/shrub_tech_report_jul_08.pdf.Google Scholar
- Brandt, S. and Nutt, G. 2002. Flexible soft real-time processing in middleware. Real-Time Syst. J. 22, 1--2, 77--118. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Caccamo, M., Buttazzo, G. C., and Thomas, D. C. 2005. Efficient reclaiming in reservation-based real-time systems with variable execution times. IEEE Trans. Comput. 54, 2, 198--213. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Combaz, J. and Strus, L. 2008. A stochastic approach for fine grain QoS control. In Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real-Time Multimedia (ESTImedia’08). IEEE, 115--120.Google Scholar
- Corbato, F. J., Merwin-Dagget, M., and Daley, R. C. 1962. An experimental time-sharing system. In Proceedings of the AFIPS Joint Computer Conference. ACM. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Cucinotta, T. 2008. Access control for adaptive reservations on multi-user systems. In Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’08). IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Cucinotta, T., Palopoli, L., Marzario, L., and Lipari, G. 2008. AQuoSA: Adaptive quality of service architecture. Softw. Pract. Exper. 39, 1, 1--31. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Faggioli, D., Checconi, F., Trimarchi, M., and Scordino, C. 2009. An EDF scheduling class for the Linux kernel. In Proceedings of the 11th Real-Time Linux Workshop (RTLW’09). OSADL.Google Scholar
- Falk, M. et al. 2006. A first course on time series analysis. http://statistik.mathematik.uni-wuerzburg.de/timeseries/.Google Scholar
- Goel, A., Walpole, J., and Shor, M. 2004. Real-Rate scheduling. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’04). IEEE. 434. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Hentschel, C., Bril, R., Gabrani, M., Steffens, L., van Zon, K., and van Loo, S. 2001. Scalable video algorithms and dynamic resource management for consumer terminals. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Media Futures (ICMF).Google Scholar
- Hughes, C. J., Kaul, P., Adve, S. V., Jain, R., Park, C., and Srinivasan, J. 2001. Variability in the execution of multimedia applications and implications for architecture. SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News. 29, 2, 254--265. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Isovic, D. and Fohler, G. 2004. Quality aware mpeg-2 stream adaptation in resource constrained systems. In Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Isović, D., Fohler, G., and Steffens, L. 2005. Real-Time issues of mpeg-2 playout in resource constrained systems. J. Embed. Comput. 1, 2, 239--256. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kleinrock, L. and Gail, R. 1976. Queueing Systems. Wiley Interscience, New York.Google Scholar
- Lan, T., Chen, Y., and Zhong, Z. 2001. Mpeg2 decoding complexity regulation for a media processor. In Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing. IEEE.Google Scholar
- Lin, C. and Brandt, S. A. 2005. Improving soft real-time performance through better slack reclaiming. In Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’05). IEEE Computer Society, 410--421. Los Alamitos, CA. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lipari, G. and Baruah, S. K. 2000. Greedy reclaimation of unused bandwidth in constant bandwidth servers. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. IEEE. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Liu, C. L. and Layland, J. 1973. Scheduling alghorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment. J. ACM 20, 1, 46--61. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lu, C., Stankovic, J. G. T., and Son, S. 2002. Feedback control real-time scheduling: Framework, modeling and algorithms. Real-Time Syst. J. 23, 1/2, 85--126. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- m4v 2004. ISO/IEC 14496-2:2004 - information technology -- coding of audio-visual objects -- part 2: Visual.Google Scholar
- Mercer, C. W., Savage, S., and Tokuda, H. 1993. Processor capacity reserves for multimedia operating systems. Tech. rep. CMU-CS-93-157, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Nakajima, T. 1998. Resource reservation for adaptive QoS mapping in real-time mach. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Real-Time Systems (WPDRTS). Springer.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Rajkumar, R., Juvva, K., Molano, A., and Oikawa, S. 1998. Resource kernels: A resource-centric approach to real-time and multimedia systems. In Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking. SPIE.Google Scholar
- Roitzsch, M. and Pohlack, M. 2006. Principles for the prediction of video decoding times applied to mpeg-1/2 and mpeg-4 part 2 video. In Proceedings of the 27th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’06). IEEE. 271--280. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and Jacobson, V. 2003. Request for comments: 3550 -- RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Steere, D., Goel, A., Gruenberg, J., McNamee, D., Pu, C., and Walpole, J. 1999. A feedback-driven proportion allocator for real-rate scheduling. In Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. USENIX. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Tokuda, H. and Kitayama, T. 1993. Dynamic QoS control based on real-time threads. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV’93). Springer, 114--123. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Wüst, C. C. and Verhaegh, W. F. J. 2004. Quality control for scalable media processing applications. J. Schedul. 7, 2, 105--117. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Wüst, C. C., Steffens, L., Verhaegh, W. F. J., Bril, R. J., and Hentschel, C. 2005. QoS control strategies for high-quality video processing. Real-Time Syst. 30, 1--2, 7--29. Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
A Robust Mechanism for Adaptive Scheduling of Multimedia Applications
Recommendations
Scheduling Multiprocessor Tasks to Minimize Schedule Length
The problem considered in this paper is the deterministic scheduling of tasks on a set of identical processors. However, the model presented differs from the classical one by the requirement that certain tasks need more than one processor at a time for ...
Schedule—constrained job scheduling in a multiprogrammed computer system
WSC '74: Proceedings of the 7th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 2The schedule-constrained job scheduling problem is defined as the problem of deciding what jobs should co-exist in the memory of a multiprogrammed computer to insure satisfactory schedule performance and adequate resource utilization. At the present ...
Scheduling legacy multimedia applications
Special issue: Adaptive multimedia computingMillions of applications have been developed on conventional time-sharing systems. We call those applications legacy applications. Many of them, typically multimedia applications, have Quality of Service (QoS) demands, which are not supported in time-...






Comments