Spectral appearance changes induced by light exposure

Abstract

The fading of materials due to light exposure over time is a major contributor to the overall aged appearance of man-made objects. Although much attention has been devoted to the modeling of aging and weathering phenomena over the last decade, comparatively little attention has been paid to fading effects. In this article, we present a theoretical framework for the physically based simulation of time-dependent spectral changes induced by absorbed radiation. This framework relies on the general volumetric radiative transfer theory, and it employs a physicochemical approach to account for variations in the absorptive properties of colorants. Employing this framework, a layered fading model that can be readily integrated into existing rendering systems is developed using the Kubelka-Munk theory. We evaluate its correctness through comparisons of measured and simulated fading results. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this model through renderings depicting typical fading scenarios.

References

1. Abdul-Rahman, A. and Chen, M. 2005. Spectral volume rendering based on the Kubelka-Munk theory. Comput. Graph. Froum 24, 3, 413--422.
2. Bosch, C., Laffont, P., Rushmeier, H., Dorsey, J., and Drettakis, G. 2011. Image-Guided weathering: A new approach applied to flow phenomena. ACM Trans. Graph. 30, 3, 20:1--13.
3. Chen, Y., Xia, L., Wong, T., Tong, X., Bao, H., Guo, B., and Shum, H. 2005. Visual simulation of weathering by γ-ton tracing. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 1127--1133.
4. Choudhury, A. 2006. Textile Preparation and Dyeing. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.
5. Curtis, C., Anderson, S., Seims, J., Fleischer, K., and Salesin, D. 1997. Computer-Generated watercolor. In Computer Graphics Proceedings. Annual Conference Series, 421--430.
6. Doi, M. and Tominaga, S. 2003. Spectral estimation of human skin color using the Kubelka-Munk theory. In Proceedings of SPIE. Vol. 5008, 221--228.
7. Dorsey, J. and Hanrahan, P. 1996. Modeling and rendering of metallic patinas. In Computer Graphics Proceedings. Annual Conference Serie, 387--396.
8. Dorsey, J., Pedersen, H., and Hanrahan, P. 1996. Flow and changes in appearance. In Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, 411--420.
9. Dorsey, J., Rushmeier, H., and Sillion, F. 2008. Digital Modeling of Material Appearance. Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier.
10. Giles, C. 1965. The fading of colouring matters. J. Appl. Chemi. 15, 541--550.
11. Giles, C., Johari, D., and Shah, C. 1968. Some observations on the kinetics of dye fading. Textile Res. J. 38, 10, 1048--1056.
12. Giles, C. and McKay, R. 1963. The lightfastness of dyes: A review. Textile Res. J. 33, 7, 528--575.
13. Glading, R. 1940. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of lignin and related compounds. Ph.D. thesis, The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Lawrence College, Appleton, WI.
14. Greenberg, D., Arvo, J., Lafortune, E., Torrance, K., Ferwerda, J., Walter, B., Trumbore, B., Shirley, P., Pattanaik, S., and Foo, S. 1997. A framework for realistic image synthesis. In Computer Graphics Proceedings. Annual Conference Series, 477--494.
15. Grossweiner, L., Grossweiner, J., and Rogers, B. 2005. The Science of Phototherapy: An Introduction. Springer.
16. Gu, J., Tu, C.-I., Ramamoorthi, R., Belhumeur, P., Matusik, W., and Nayar, S. 2006. Time-Varying surface appearance: Acquisition, modeling and rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 762--771.
17. Haase, C. and Meyer, G. 1992. Modeling pigmented materials for realistic image synthesis. ACM Trans. Graph. 11, 4, 305--335.
18. Hallik, L., Kull, O., Nilson, T., and nuelas, J. P. 2009. Spectral reflectance of multispecies herbaceous and moss canopies in the boreal forest understory and open field. Canad. J. Remote Sens. 35, 5, 474--485.
19. Hanrahan, P. and Krueger, W. 1993. Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering. Comput. Graph. 27, 165--174.
20. Hašan, M., Fuchs, M., Matusik, W., Pfister, H., and Rusinkiewicz, S. 2010. Physical reproduction of materials with specified subsurface scattering. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 4, 61:1--10.
21. Heitner, C. 1993. Light-Induced yellowing of wood-containing papers. In Photochemistry and Lignocellulosic Materials, C. Heitner and J. Scaiano, Eds., ACS Symposium Series, vol. 531, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2--25.
22. Hunger, K. and Wilker, G. 2004. Industrial Organic Pigments: Production, Properties and Applications, 3rd Ed. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
23. Imai, F., Rosen, M., and Berns, R. 2001. Multi-Spectral imaging of a Van Gogh's self-portrait at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. In Proceedings of the IS&T PICS Conference. IS&T, 185--189.
24. Isaacson, E. and Keller, H. 1994. Analysis of Numerical Methods. Dover Publications.
25. Johnston-Feller, R. 1986. Reflections on the phenomenon of fading. J. Coat. Technol. 58, 736, 33--50.
26. Johnston-Feller, R. 2001. Color Science in the Examination of Museum Objects: Nondesctructive Procedures. Tools for Conservation Series. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA.
27. Johnston-Feller, R., Feller, R., Bailie, C., and Curran, M. 1984. The kinetics of fading: Opaque paint films pigmented with alizarin lake and titanium dioxide. J. Amer. Inst. Conserv. 23, 2, 114--129.
28. Kenney, J. and Keeping, E. 1962. Mathematics of Statistics 3rd Ed. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
29. Kider, J., Raja, S., and Badler, N. 2011. Fruit senescence and decay simulation. Comput. Graph. Forum 30, 2, 257--266.
30. Kubelka, P. 1948. New contributions to the optics of intensly light-scattering materials. Part I. J. Opti. Soc. Amer. 38, 5, 448--457.
31. Kubelka, P. and Munk, F. 1931. Ein beitrag zur optik der farbanstriche (An article on optics of paint layers). Zeitschrift für Technische Physik 12, 593--601.
32. Lazár, D. and Schansker, G. 2009. Models of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol. 29, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 85--123.
33. Learner, T., Smithen, P., Krueger, J., and Schilling, M., Eds. 2008. Modern Paints Uncovered. Getty Publications, Los Angeles, CA.
34. Mérillou, S. and Ghazanfarpour, D. 2008. A survey of aging and weathering phenomena in computer graphics. Comput. Graph. 32, 2, 159-- 174.
35. Morris, H. and Whitmore, P. 2007. “Virtual fading” of art objects: Simulating the future fading of artifacts by visualizing micro-fading test results. J. Ameri. Insti. Conserv. 46, 215--228.
36. Morton, T. 1949. The practical assessment of the light fastness of dyeings. J. Soci. Dyers Colouri. 62, 12, 597--605.
37. Pereira, H. 2007. Cork: Biology, Production and Uses. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
38. Polyanin, A. and Zaitsev, V. 2004. Handbook of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations. Chapman&Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
39. Roberts, J. 1996. The Chemistry of Paper. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
40. Rånby, B. and Rabek, J. 1975. Photodegredation, Photo-Oxidation, and Photostabilization of Polymers. John Wiley&Sons.
41. Rudolf, D., Mould, D., and Neufeld, E. 2003. Simulating wax crayons. In Proceedings of the Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. 163--172.
42. Saunderson, J. 1942. Calculation of the color of pigmented plastics. J. Opti. Soci. Ameri. 32, 12, 727--729.
43. Seyfried, M. and Fukshansky, L. 1983. Light gradients in plant tissue. Appli. Optics 22, 9, 1402--1408.
44. Shi, T. and DiMarzio, C. 2007. Multispectral method for skin imaging: development and validation. Appli. Optics 46, 36, 8619--8626.
45. Shi, X. and Lu, D. 2005. Colorimetric and chemical modeling based aging simulation of Dunhuang murals. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology. 570-- 574.
46. Shi, X., Lu, D., and Liu, J. 2006. Color changing and fading simulation for frescoes based on empirical knowledge from artists. In Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4261. Springer. 861--869.
47. Thomson, G. 2002. The Museum Environment, 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, U.K.
48. Turbosquid (User: azdesignstudio). 2006. Pavers. http://www.turbosquid. com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/318374.
49. Turbosquid (User: Fworx). 2004. Blinds. http://www.turbosquid. com/3d-models/free-blinds-3d-model/243419.
50. Turbosquid (User: polygonista). 2010 Newspaper. http://www. turbosquid.com/3d-models/maya-newspaper-news/567189.
51. Turbosquid (User: Res_Com_3D). 2009. End table. http://www. turbosquid.com/3d-models/end-table-3ds-free/451642.
52. Turbosquid (User: Scorchedmedia). 2007. Couch. http://www. turbosquid.com/3d-models/couch-chaise-3ds-free/368829.
53. Turbosquid (User: TripRay company). 2009. Cork a-017. http://www. turbosquid.com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/463083.
54. Wang, J., Tong, X., Lin, S., Pan, M., Wang, C., Bao, H., Guo, B., and Shum, H.-Y. 2006. Appearance manifolds for modeling time-variant appearance of materials. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 754--761.
55. Whitmore, P. and Bailie, C. 1997. Further studies on transparent glaze fading: Chemical and appearance kinetics. J. Ameri. Insti. Conserv. 36, 3, 207--230.
56. Whitmore, P., Pan, X., and Bailie, C. 1999. Predicting the fading of objects: Identification of fugitive colorants through direct nondestructive lightfastness measurements. J. Ameri. Insti. Conserv. 38, 3, 395-- 409.
57. Xue, S., Dorsey, J., and Rushmeier, H. 2011. Stone weathering in a photograph. In Proceedings of the Eurographics Symposium on Rendering. R. Ramamoorthi and E. Reinhard, Eds., 1189--1196.
58. Yang, L. 2003. Characterization of inks and ink application for ink-jet printing: Model and simulation. J. Opti. Soci. Amer. 20, 7, 1149--1154.

Index Terms

• Computing methodologies

  • Computer graphics

    • Image manipulation

      • Texturing