Abstract
Standby-sparing is one of the common techniques in order to design fault-tolerant safety-critical systems where the high level of reliability is needed. Recently, the minimization of energy consumption in embedded systems has attracted a lot of concerns. Simultaneous considering of high reliability and low energy consumption by DVS is a challenging problem in designing such a system, since using DVS has been shown to reduce the reliability profoundly. In this article, we have studied different schemes of standby-sparing systems from the energy consumption and reliability point of view. Moreover, we propose a new standby-sparing scheme which addresses both reliability and energy consumption jointly together. This scheme uses a simple energy management coupled with an online task scheduler which tries to dispatch those ready tasks which are expected to lead to high reliability and low energy consumption in the system. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme has been shown on TGFF under stochastic workloads. The results show 52% improvement on energy saving compared to the conventional hot standby-sparing system. Moreover, two orders of magnitude higher reliability is obtained on average, while preserving the same level of energy saving as compared to the state-of-the-art low-energy standby-sparing system (LESS).
- H. Aydin, R. Melhem, D. Mosse, and P. Mejia-Alvarez. 2004. Power-aware scheduling for periodic real-time tasks. IEEE Trans. Comput. 53, 5, 584--600. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- T. Burd and R. Brodersen. 2000. Design issues for dynamic voltage scaling. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. 9--14. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- T. D. Burd, T. A. Pering, A. J. Stratakos, and R. W. Brodersen. 2000. A dynamic voltage scaled microprocessor system. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 35, 11, 1571--1580.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- G. Contreras and M. Martonosi. 2005. Power prediction for intel xscale processors using performance monitoring unit events. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. 221--226. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Cplex Optimizer, High-performance mathematical programming solver for linear/mixed integer/quadratic programming, http://www-01.ibm.com/software/integration/optimization/cplex-optimizer/.Google Scholar
- V. Devadas and H. Aydin. 2012. On the interplay of voltage/frequency scaling and device power management for frame-based real-time embedded applications. IEEE Trans. Comput. 61, 1, 31--44. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- A. Ejlali, B. M. Al-Hashimi, and P. Eles. 2012. Low-energy standby-sparing for hard real-time systems. IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 31, 3, 329--342. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- P. Eles, V. Izosimov, P. Pop, and Z. Peng. 2008. Synthesis of fault-tolerant embedded systems. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE'08). ACM, New York, 1117--1122. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- GAMS. 2012. The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) 23.9 Ed. http://www.gams.com/.Google Scholar
- Y. Guo, D. Zhu, and H. Aydin. 2011. Reliability-aware power management for parallel real-time applications with precedence constraints. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Green Computing Conference. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- M. A. Haque, H. Aydin, and D. Zhu. 2010. Energy-aware standby-sparing technique for periodic real-time applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD'10). IEEE, 190--197. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Z. Herczeg, Á. Kiss, D. Schmidt, N. Wehn, and T. Gyimóthy. 2007. XEEMU: An improved XScale power simulator. In Integrated Circuit and System Design. Power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation. Springer, 300--309. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- H. Kopetz. 2011. Real-Time Systems: Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications. Springer Science+ Business Media. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- H. Kopetz, R. Obermaisser, P. Peti, and N. Suri. 2004. From a federated To an integrated architecture for dependable embedded real-time system. Tech. rep. 22, Institut für Technische Informatik, Technische Universität Wien.Google Scholar
- I. Koren and C. M. Krishna. 2007. Fault-Tolerant Systems. Morgan Kaufmann, Elsevier. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- R. Melhem, D. Mosse, and E. Elnozahy. 2004. The interplay of power management and fault recovery in real-time systems. IEEE Trans. Comput. 53, 2, 217--231. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- R. Mosse, H. Aydin, B. Childers, and R. Melhem. 2000. Compiler-assisted dynamic power aware scheduling for real-time applications. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Compiler and OS for Low Power.Google Scholar
- P. Pop, K. H. Poulsen, V. Izosimov, and P. Eles. 2007. Scheduling and voltage scaling for energy/reliability trade-offs in fault-tolerant time-triggered embedded systems. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Hardware/Software Co-Design and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS'07). ACM, New York, 233--238. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- D. K. Pradhan. 1996. Fault-Tolerant Computer System Design. Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Red Hat, Inc. eCos v2.0 Embedded Operating System. http://sources.redhat.com/ecos.Google Scholar
- D. Rhodes, R. Dick, and W. Wolf. 1998. Tgff: Task graphs for free. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE'98). IEEE, 97--101. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- C. Rusu, R. Melhem, and D. Mosse. 2003. Maximizing rewards for real-time applications with energy constraints. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 2, 4, 1--23. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- M. T. Schmitz, B. M. Al-Hashimi, and P. Eles. 2004. System-Level Design Techniques for Energy-Efficient Embedded Systems. Kluwer, Norwell, MA. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- P. Shivakumar, M. Kistler, D. Burger, S. W. Keckler, and L. Alvisi. 2002. Modeling the effect of technology trends on the soft error rate of combinational logic. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN'02). IEEE, 389--398. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- R. Sridharan, N. Gupta, and R. N. Mahapatra. 2008. Feedback-controlled reliability-aware power management for real-time embedded systems. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Design Automation Conference (DAC'08). ACM, New York, 185--190. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- M. K. Tavana, M. Salehi, and A. Ejlali. 2011. Feedback-based energy management in a standby-sparing scheme for hard real-time systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'11). IEEE, 349--356. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Transmeta. 2005. Crusoe processor specification. http://www.transmeta.com/crusoe/specs.html.Google Scholar
- W. Wang and P. Mishra. 2012. System-wide leakage-aware energy minimization using dynamic voltage scaling and cache reconfiguration in multitasking systems. IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst. 20, 5, 902--910. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Wasabi Systems Inc. Wasabi Systems GNU tools version 010413 for Intel XScale microarchitecture http://www.intel.com/design/intelxscale/dev_tools/031121/wasabi_031121.htm.Google Scholar
- J. Wegner and F. Mueller. 2001. A comparison of static analysis and evolutionary testing for the verification of timing constraints. Real-Time Systems 21, 241--268. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Wind River Systems, Inc. VxWorks 5.4 Datasheet. http://www.windriver.com/products/html/vxwks54_ds.html.Google Scholar
- F. Xie, M. Martonosi, and S. Malik. 2003. Compile-time dynamic voltage scaling settings: opportunities and limits. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI'03). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- XScale. 2007. Intel XScale Microarchitecture. http://developer.intel.com/design/intelxscale/.Google Scholar
- XScalepower. 2005. Intel XScale Microarchitecture: benchmarks. http://developer.intel.com/design/intelxscale/benchmarks.htm.Google Scholar
- R. Xu, D. Mossé, and R. G. Melhem. 2007. Minimizing expected energy consumption in real-time systems through dynamic voltage scaling. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 25, 4, Article 9. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- B. Zhao, H. Aydin, and D. Zhu. 2011. Generalized reliability-oriented energy management for real-time embedded applications. In Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference (DAC'11). ACM, New York, 381--386. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- D. Zhu. 2010. Reliability-aware dynamic energy management in dependable embedded real-time systems. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 10, 2, Article 26. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- D. Zhu and H. Aydin. 2006. Energy management for real-time embedded systems with reliability requirements. In Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD'06). ACM, New York, 528--534. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- D. Zhu, H. Aydin, and J. Chen. 2008. Optimistic reliability aware energy management for real time tasks with probabilistic execution times. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'08). IEEE, 313--322. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- D. Zhu, R. Melhem, and D. Mosse. 2004. The effects of energy management on reliability in real-time embedded systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD'04). IEEE, 35--40. Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
Simultaneous hardware and time redundancy with online task scheduling for low energy highly reliable standby-sparing system
Recommendations
A standby-sparing technique with low energy-overhead for fault-tolerant hard real-time systems
CODES+ISSS '09: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesisTime redundancy (rollback-recovery) and hardware redundancy are commonly used in real-time systems to achieve fault tolerance. From an energy consumption point of view, time redundancy is generally more preferable than hardware redundancy. However, hard ...
Low-Energy Standby-Sparing for Hard Real-Time Systems
Time-redundancy techniques are commonly used in real-time systems to achieve fault tolerance without incurring high energy overhead. However, reliability requirements of hard real-time systems that are used in safety-critical applications are so ...
Reliability-oriented scheduling for static-priority real-time tasks in standby-sparing systems
The advent of complicated embedded systems with regard to relentless technology scaling and integration of more components into a single chip, have caused these systems to be less reliable. Moreover, these advancements have accompanied with a drastic ...






Comments