skip to main content
research-article
Public Access

SWANS: An Interdisk Wear-Leveling Strategy for RAID-0 Structured SSD Arrays

Published:29 April 2016Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

NAND flash memory–based solid state disks (SSDs) have been widely used in enterprise servers. However, flash memory has limited write endurance, as a block becomes unreliable after a finite number of program/erase cycles. Existing wear-leveling techniques are essentially intradisk data distribution schemes, as they can only even wear out across the flash medium within a single SSD. When multiple SSDs are organized in an array manner in server applications, an interdisk wear-leveling technique, which can ensure a uniform wear-out distribution across SSDs, is much needed. In this article, we propose a novel SSD-array level wear-leveling strategy called SWANS (<u>S</u>moothing <u>W</u>ear <u>A</u>cross <u>N</u> <u>S</u>SDs) for an SSD array structured in a RAID-0 format, which is frequently used in server applications. SWANS dynamically monitors and balances write distributions across SSDs in an intelligent way. Further, to evaluate its effectiveness, we build an SSD array simulator on top of a validated single SSD simulator. Next, SWANS is implemented in its array controller. Comprehensive experiments with real-world traces show that SWANS decreases the standard deviation of writes across SSDs on average by 16.7x. The gap in the total bytes written between the most written SSD and the least written SSD in an 8-SSD array shrinks at least 1.3x.

References

  1. Nitin Agrawal, Vijayan Prabhakaran, Ted Wobber, John D. Davis, Mark Manasse, and Rina Panigrahy. 2008. Design tradeoffs for SSD performance. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 57--70. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Mahesh Balakrishnan, Asim Kadav, Vijayan Prabhakaran, and Dahlia Malkhi. 2010. Differential RAID: Rethinking RAID for SSD reliability. In Proceedings of the 5th European Conferencew on Computer Systems (EuroSys’10). 15--26. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1755913.1755916 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. Mahesh Balakrishnan, Dahlia Malkhi, Vijayan Prabhakaran, Ted Wobber, Michael Wei, and John D. Davis. 2012. CORFU: A shared log design for flash clusters. In NSDI. 1--14. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Roberto Bez, Emilio Camerlenghi, Alberto Modelli, and Angelo Visconti. 2003. Introduction to flash memory. Proceedings of the IEEE 91, 4, 489--502.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  5. Andrew Birrell, Michael Isard, Chuck Thacker, and Ted Wobber. 2007. A design for high-performance flash disks. SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 41, 2, 88--93. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Simona Boboila and Peter Desnoyers. 2010. Write endurance in flash drives: Measurements and analysis. In USENIX FAST. 9--25. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Cactus Technologies. 2008. Wear Leveling Static vs Dynamic. Technical Report. Cactus Technologies, Hong Kong, P.R.China.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Li-Pin Chang and Chun-Da Du. 2009. Design and implementation of an efficient wear-leveling algorithm for solid-state-disk microcontrollers. ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 15, 1, 6. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Feng Chen, David A. Koufaty, and Xiaodong Zhang. 2009. Understanding intrinsic characteristics and system implications of flash memory based solid state drives. In SIGMETRICS. 181--192. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Renhai Chen, Yi Wang, and Zili Shao. 2013. DHeating: Dispersed heating repair for self-healing NAND flash memory. In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis. IEEE Press, 7. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Ludmila Cherkasova and Minaxi Gupta. 2004. Analysis of enterprise media server workloads: Access patterns, locality, content evolution, and rates of change. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 12, 5, 781--794. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Bruce Cullen. 2014. SSD Drive Failure: What Causes Solid State Drives to Stop Working and Fail? Retrieved April 1, 2016 from http://www.eprovided.com/data-recovery-blog/ssd-drive-failure-causes-solid-state-drive-stop-working-failures/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Gregory R. Ganger, Bruce L. Worthington, and Yale N. Patt. 1999. The DiskSim Simulation Environment Version 3.0 Reference Manual. Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. Geoff Gasior. 2013. Introducing the SSD Endurance Experiment. Retrieved April 1, 2016 from http://techreport.com/review/24841/introducing-the-ssd-endurance-experiment.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. M. Gómez and Vicente Santonja. 2002. Characterizing temporal locality in I/O workload. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. Jim Gray and Bob Fitzgerald. 2008. Flash disk opportunity for server applications. Queue 6, 4, 18--23. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Jim Gray, Bob Horst, and Mark Walker. 1990. Parity striping of disc arrays: Low-cost reliable storage with acceptable throughput. In Proceedings of the 16th VLDB Conference. 148--161. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Aayush Gupta, Youngjae Kim, and Bhuvan Urgaonkar. 2009. DFTL: A Flash Translation Layer Employing Demand-Based Selective Caching of Page-Level Address Mappings. Vol. 44. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Jiahua He, Arun Jagatheesan, Sandeep Gupta, Jeffrey Bennett, and Allan Snavely. 2010. Dash: A recipe for a flash-based data intensive supercomputer. In SC. 1--11. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Yang Hu, Hong Jiang, Dan Feng, Lei Tian, Hao Luo, and Shuping Zhang. 2011. Performance impact and interplay of SSD parallelism through advanced commands, allocation strategy and data granularity. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Supercomputing. ACM, 96--107. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Yang Hu, Hong Jiang, Dan Feng, Lei Tian, Shuping Zhang, Jingning Liu, Wei Tong, Yi Qin, and Liuzheng Wang. 2010. Achieving page-mapping FTL performance at block-mapping FTL cost by hiding address translation. In 26th MSST. 1--12. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Intel. 2013. Intel Solid-State Drive Specification. Retrieved April 1, 2016 from http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/solid-state-drives/ssd-530-sata-sp ecification.html.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Intel. 2014. Intel SSD Product Comparison. Retrieved April 1, 2016 from http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/solid-state-drives/solid-state-drives-ssd.html. (2014).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Anxiao Jiang, Robert Mateescu, Eitan Yaakobi, Jehoshua Bruck, Paul H. Siegel, Alexander Vardy, and Jack K. Wolf. 2010. Storage coding for wear leveling in flash memories. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 56, 10, 5290--5299. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. Dawoon Jung, Yoon-Hee Chae, Heeseung Jo, Jin-Soo Kim, and Joonwon Lee. 2007. A group-based wear-leveling algorithm for large-capacity flash memory storage systems. In CASES. 160--164. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Youngjae Kim, Brendan Tauras, Aayush Gupta, and Bhuvan Urgaonkar. 2009. Flashsim: A simulator for NAND flash-based solid-state drives. In International Conference on Advances in System Simulation. 125--131. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Andrew Ku. 2011. Investigation: Is Your SSD More Reliable Than A Hard Drive? Retrieved April 1, 2016 from http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/ssd-reliability-failure-rate,2923.html. (2011).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Sang-Won Lee, Bongki Moon, and Chanik Park. 2009. Advances in flash memory SSD technology for enterprise database applications. In Proceedings of the 35th SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 863--870. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. Sang-Won Lee, Dong-Joo Park, Tae-Sun Chung, Dong-Ho Lee, Sangwon Park, and Ha-Joo Song. 2007. A log buffer-based flash translation layer using fully-associative sector translation. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computer Systems 6, 3, 18. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. Scott T. Leutenegger and Daniel Dias. 1993. A modeling study of the TPC-C benchmark. Proceedings of the 1993 SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 22--31. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. Bo Mao, Hong Jiang, Suzhen Wu, Lei Tian, Dan Feng, Jianxi Chen, and Lingfang Zeng. 2012. HPDA: A hybrid parity-based disk array for enhanced performance and reliability. ACM Transactions on Storage 8, 1. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. M. Mesnier. 2001. Intel open storage toolkit. Retrieved April 1, 2016 from http://www.sourceforge.org/ projects/intel-iscsi.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  33. Muthukumar Murugan and David H. C. Du. 2011. Rejuvenator: A static wear leveling algorithm for NAND flash memory with minimized overhead. In 27th MSST. 1--12. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Dushyanth Narayanan, Eno Thereska, Austin Donnelly, Sameh Elnikety, and Antony Rowstron. 2009. Migrating server storage to SSDs: Analysis of tradeoffs. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM European Conference on Computer Systems. 145--158. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. NetApp. 2014. NetApp EF540 Technical Specifications. Retrieved April 1, 2016 from http://www.netapp.com/us/products/storage-systems/flash-ef540/ef540-tech-spe cs.aspx. (2014).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber, and Luiz André Barroso. 2007. Failure trends in a large disk drive population. In FAST, Vol. 7. 17--23. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. SNIA IOTTA Repository. 2011. Build and Ecahange server traces. (2011). http://iotta.snia.org/traces/list/BlockIO.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  38. Bianca Schroeder and Garth A. Gibson. 2007. Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1, 000, 000 hours mean to you? In FAST, Vol. 7. 1--16. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. Qi Wu, Guiqiang Dong, and Tong Zhang. 2011. Exploiting heat-accelerated flash memory wear-out recovery to enable self-healing SSDs. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  40. Soraya Zertal and Peter G. Harrison. 2011. Investigating flash memory wear levelling and execution modes. Simulation 87, 12. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. SWANS: An Interdisk Wear-Leveling Strategy for RAID-0 Structured SSD Arrays

              Recommendations

              Comments

              Login options

              Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

              Sign in

              Full Access

              • Published in

                cover image ACM Transactions on Storage
                ACM Transactions on Storage  Volume 12, Issue 3
                June 2016
                237 pages
                ISSN:1553-3077
                EISSN:1553-3093
                DOI:10.1145/2932205
                Issue’s Table of Contents

                Copyright © 2016 ACM

                Publisher

                Association for Computing Machinery

                New York, NY, United States

                Publication History

                • Published: 29 April 2016
                • Accepted: 1 April 2015
                • Revised: 1 November 2014
                • Received: 1 April 2014
                Published in tos Volume 12, Issue 3

                Permissions

                Request permissions about this article.

                Request Permissions

                Check for updates

                Qualifiers

                • research-article
                • Research
                • Refereed

              PDF Format

              View or Download as a PDF file.

              PDF

              eReader

              View online with eReader.

              eReader
              About Cookies On This Site

              We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website.

              Learn more

              Got it!