Abstract
Consider fixed-priority preemptive partitioned scheduling of constrained-deadline sporadic tasks on a multiprocessor. A task generates a sequence of jobs and each job has a deadline that must be met. Assume tasks have Corunner-dependent execution times; i.e., the execution time of a job J depends on the set of jobs that happen to execute (on other processors) at instants when J executes. We present a model that describes Corunner-dependent execution times. For this model, we show that exact schedulability testing is co-NP-hard in the strong sense. Facing this complexity, we present a sufficient schedulability test, which has pseudo-polynomial-time complexity if the number of processors is fixed. We ran experiments with synthetic software benchmarks on a quad-core Intel multicore processor with the Linux/RK operating system and found that for each task, its maximum measured response time was bounded by the upper bound computed by our theory.
- B. Andersson, A. Easwaran, and J. Lee. 2010. Finding an upper bound on the increase in execution time due to contention on the memory bus in COTS-based multicore systems. SIGBED Rev. 7, 1 (2010), 4. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- B. Andersson and J. Jonsson. 2002. Preemptive multiprocessor scheduling anomalies. In International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS’02). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- B. Andersson, H. Kim, D. de Niz, M. Klein, R. Rajkumar, and J. Lehoczky. 2016. Schedulability Analysis of Tasks with Co-Runner-Dependent Execution Times. Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/banderss/papers/schedanalysiscorunner/co-runners_long_version.pdf.Google Scholar
- S. Baruah and A. Burns. 2006. Sustainable scheduling analysis. In IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’06). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson. 1979. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. W. H. Freeman and Company. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- G. Giannopoulou, K. Lampka, N. Stoimenov, and L. Thiele. 2012. Timed model checking with abstractions: Towards worst-case response time analysis in resource-sharing manycore systems. ACM SIGBED International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT’12). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- R. Graham. 1969. Bounds on multiprocessing timing anomalies. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 17 (1969), 416--429.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- M. Joseph and P. Pandya. 1986. Finding response times in a real-time system. Comput. J. 29 (1986), 390--395.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- S. Kato and N. Yamasaki. 2006. Extended u-link scheduling to increase the execution efficiency for SMT real-time systems. In IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing and Applications (RTCSA’06). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- T. Kelter. 2015. WCET Analysis and Optimization for Multi-Core Real-Time Systems. Ph.D. Dissertation. Technical University of Dortmund.Google Scholar
- H. Kim, D. de Niz, B. Andersson, M. Klein, O. Mutlu, and R. Rajkumar. 2014. Bounding memory interference delay in COTS-based multi-core systems. In IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’14).Google Scholar
- H. Kim, A. Kandhalu, and R. Rajkumar. 2013. A coordinated approach for practical OS-level cache management in multi-core real-time systems. In Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS’13). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- P. Krčál and W. Yi. 2004. Decidable and undecidable problems in schedulability analysis using timed automata. In International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS’04).Google Scholar
- K. Lampka, S. Perathoner, and L. Thiele. 2009. Analytic real-time analysis and timed automata: A hybrid method for analyzing embedded real-time systems. In ACM SIGBED International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT’09). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. Lehoczky, L. Sha, and Y. Ding. 1990. The rate monotonic scheduling algorithm: Exact characterization and average case behavior. In IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’90).Google Scholar
- Y. Li, V. Suhendra, Y. Liang, T. Mitra, and A. Roychoudhury. 2009. Timing analysis of concurrent programs running on shared cache multi-cores. In IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’09). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- C. L. Liu and J. W. Layland. 1973. Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment. JACM 20 (1973), 46--61. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. Liu and R. Ha. 1994. Efficient methods of validating timing constraints. In International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS’94).Google Scholar
- T. Lundqvist and P. Stenström. 1999. Timing anomalies in dynamically scheduled microprocessors. In IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’99). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- M. Lv, G. Nan, W. Yi, and G. Yu. 2010. Combining abstract interpretation with model checking for timing analysis of multicore software. In IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’10). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- A. Mok. 1983. Fundamental Design Problems of Distributed Systems for the Hard-real-time Environment. Ph.D. Dissertation. MIT.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- C. Norström, A. Wall, and W. Yi. 1999. Timed automata as task models for event-driven systems. In IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing and Applications (RTCSA’99). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. Nowotsch, M. Paulitsch, D. Bühler, H. Theiling, S. Wegener, and M. Schmidt. 2014. Multi-core interference-sensitive WCET analysis leveraging runtime resource capacity enforcement. In Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS’14). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- R. Pellizzoni, A. Schranzhofer, J. J. Chen, M. Caccamo, and L. Thiele. 2010. Worst case delay analysis for memory interference in multicore systems. In Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE’10). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- L. T. X. Phan, S. Chakraborty, P. S. Thiagarajan, and L. Thiele. 2007. Composing functional and state-based performance models for analyzing heterogeneous real-time systems. In IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’07). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- P. Radojkovic, S. Girbal, A. Grasset, E. Quinones, S. Yehia, and F. J. Cazorla. 2012. On the evaluation of the impact of shared resources in multithreaded COTS processors in time-critical environments. ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim. 8 (2012), 1--25. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. Reineke, B. Wachter, S. Thesing, R. Wilhelm, I. Polian, J. Eisinger, and B. Becker. 2006. A definition and classification of timing anomalies. In International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET’06).Google Scholar
- S. Schliecker and R. Ernst. 2009. A recursive approach to end-to-end path latency computation in heterogeneous multiprocessor systems. In International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS’09). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- S. Schliecker, M. Negrean, and R. Ernst. 2010. Bounding the shared resource load for the performance analysis of multiprocessor systems. In DATE’10. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- L. Sha, M. Caccamo, R. Mancuso, J.-E. Kim, M.-K. Yoon, R. Pellizzoni, H. Yun, R. B. Kegley, D. Perlman, G. Arundale, and R. Bradford. 2016. Real-time computing on multicore processors. Computer 49 (2016), 69--77.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- H. Shah, K. Huang, and A. Knoll. 2014. Timing anomalies in multi-core architectures due to the interference on the shared resources. In Design Automation Conference (DAC’14).Google Scholar
- L. Thiele, S. Chakraborty, and M. Naedele. 2000. Real-time calculus for scheduling hard real-time systems. In International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS’00).Google Scholar
- R. Wilhelm, J. Engblom, A. Ermedahl, N. Holsti, S. Thesing, D. Whalley, G. Bernat, C. Ferdinand, R. Heckmann, T. Mitra, F. Mueller, I. Puaut, P. Puschner, J. Staschulat, and P. Stenström. 2008. The worst-case execution-time problem—Overview of methods and survey of tools. ACM Trans. Embedded Comput. Syst. 7 (2008), 1--53. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- H. Yun and P. K. Valsan. 2015. Evaluating the isolation effect of cache partitioning on COTS multicore platforms. In Workshop on Operating Systems Platforms for Embedded Real-Time Application (OSPERT’15).Google Scholar
Index Terms
Schedulability Analysis of Tasks with Corunner-Dependent Execution Times
Recommendations
FPZL Schedulability Analysis
RTAS '11: Proceedings of the 2011 17th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications SymposiumThis paper presents the Fixed Priority until Zero Laxity (FPZL) scheduling algorithm for multiprocessor realtime systems. FPZL is similar to global fixed priority preemptive scheduling, however, whenever a task reaches a state of zero laxity it is given ...
LLF Schedulability Analysis on Multiprocessor Platforms
RTSS '10: Proceedings of the 2010 31st IEEE Real-Time Systems SymposiumLLF (Least Laxity First) scheduling, which assigns a higher priority to a task with smaller laxity, has been known as an optimal preemptive scheduling algorithm on a single processor platform. However, its characteristics upon multiprocessor platforms ...
Improved Schedulability Tests for Global Fixed-Priority Scheduling
ECRTS '11: Proceedings of the 2011 23rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time SystemsIn this paper, global fixed-priority multiprocessor scheduling of a set of sporadic real-time tasks is addressed. First, we propose a priority-assignment policy, called ISM-US, for implicit-deadline task systems. Policy ISM-US assigns slack monotonic ...






Comments