Abstract
This Gem starts with a problem. As a French native, I often manipulate text files that contain accented letters (those accents, by the way, were often introduced as a shorthand to replace letters in words, to save paper when it was still an expensive commodity). Unfortunately, depending on how the file was created, my programs do not necessarily see the same byte contents (which depends on the encoding and the character set of the file), and, if I just try to display them on the screen (either in a text console, or in a graphical window), the output might not read like what I initially entered.
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