ABSTRACT
More and more law is available freely on the Internet. The growing complexity of legal rules and the necessary adaptation to user needs requires better instruments than manual browsing and searching interfaces of the past. Information reconnaissance of an unknown text corpus would provide a major help. Our research on neural networks concerns adaptive learning techniques for information reconnaissance in legal document archives. Self-organising maps offer besides successful classification a promising tool for this purpose. The neural processing elements can be labeled with the most appropriate keywords to describe the contents of the documents. Applying the tools of refinement, our novel approach describes the most interesting features of the document. The user can choose properly between the various units in order to refine the next step of research. An integration of this tool of information reconnaissance into an intelligent agent is straightforward and will bring much benefit in a practical application.
- 1.K. Ashley. Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with cases and hypotheticals. MIT-Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 2.R. Belew. A connectionist approach to conceptual information retrieval. In Proc. Int. Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 1987.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 3.T. Bench-Capon. Neural networks and open texture. In Proc. Int. Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 1993.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 4.J. Bing. Hypertext - The deep structure. In Proc. Int. Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 1999.]]Google Scholar
- 5.S. Briininghaus and K. D. Ashley. Finding factors: Learning to classify case opinions under abstract fact categories. In Proc. Int. Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 1997.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 6.J. P Callan and W. B. Croft. An evaluation of query processing strategies using the TIPSTER collection. In Proc. ACM SIGIR Int. Conference on R&D in Information Retrieval, 1993.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 7.J. P. Callan, W. B. Croft, and S. M. Harding. The INQUERY retieval system. In Proc. Int. Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 1992.]]Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- 8.H. Chen, A. L. Houston, R. R. Sewell, and B. R. Schatz. Semantic search and semantic categorization. In Proc. Int. ACM SIGIR Conference on R&D in Information Retrieval, Philadelphia, PA, 1997.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 9.J. J. Daniels and E. L. Rissland. Finding legally relevant passages in case opinions. In Proc. Int. Conference on Artijcial Intelligence and Law, 1997.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 10.J. J. Daniels and E. L. Rissland. integrating IR and CBR to locate relevant text passages. In Proc. Int. Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, Workshop on Legal Systems, 1997.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 11.R. M. di Giorgi and R. Nannucci, editors. Special Issue: Hypertext and Hypermedia in the Law. lnformatica e Diritto, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1994.]]Google Scholar
- 12.C. Groendijk. Neural schemata in automated judicial problem solving. In Proc. Int. Conference JURIX, 1992.]]Google Scholar
- 13.T. Honkela, V. Pulkki, and T. Kohonen. Contextual relations of words in Grimm tales analyzed by self-organising maps. In Proc. Int. Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Paris, France, 1995.]]Google Scholar
- 14.Y. Jing and W. B. Croft. An association thesaurus for information retrieval. In Proc. Int. Conference RIAO'94, 1994.]]Google Scholar
- 15.S, Keane, V. Ratnaike, and R. Wilkinson. Hierarchical news filtering. In Proc. Int. Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, Basel, Switzerland, 1996.]]Google Scholar
- 16.J. Kiniry and D. Zimmerman. A hands-on look at java mobile agents. IEEE Internet Computing, I(4), 1997.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 17.M. Klusch and W. Benn. Intelligente informationsagenten im internet (intelligent information agents on the internet). Kiinstliche bztelligenz, 3, 1998.]]Google Scholar
- 18.T. Kohonen. Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biological Cybernetics, 43, 1982.]]Google Scholar
- 19.T. Kohonen. Self-organizing maps. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 20.T. Kohonen. Self-organization of very large document collections: State of the art. In Proc. lnt. Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Sk&de, Sweden, 1998.]]Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- 21.K. Lagus, T. Honkela, S. Kaski, and T. Kohonen. Selforganizing maps of document collections: A new approach to interactive exploration. In Proc. Int. Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Portland, OR, 1996.]]Google Scholar
- 22.H. Lieberman. Beyond information retrieval: Information agents at the MIT media lab. Kiinstliche Intelligenz, 3, 1998.]]Google Scholar
- 23.X. Lin, D. Soergel, and G. Marchionini. A self-organizing semantic map for information retrieval. In Proc. ACM SIGIR Int. Conference on R&D in Information Retrieval, Chicago, IL, 1991.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 24.G. Marchionini and B. Shneiderman. Finding facts vs. browsing in hypertext systems. IEEE Computer, 21 (I), 1988.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 25.D. Merkl. A connectionist view on document classification. In Proc. Australasian Database Conference, Adelaide, Australia, 1995.]]Google Scholar
- 26.D. Merkl. Content-based document classification with highly compressed input data. In Proc. int. Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Paris, France, 1995.]]Google Scholar
- 27.D. Merkl. Exploration of text collections with hierarchical feature maps. In Proc. Int. ACM Conference on R&D in Information Retrieval, Philadelphia, PA, 1997.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 28.D. Merkl. Text classification with self-organizing maps: Some lessons learned. Neurocomputing, 2 I (I-3). I 998.]]Google Scholar
- 29.D. Merkl and E. Schweighofer. The exploration of legal text corpora with hierarchical neural networks: A guided tour in public international law. In Proc. Int. Confererzce on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Melbourne, Australia, 1997.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 30.D. Merkl, E. Schweighofer, and W. Winiwarter. CONCAT: Connotation analysis of thesauri based on the interpretation of context meaning. In Proc. Int. Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, Athens, Greece, 1994.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 31.D. Merkl and A M. Tjoa. Data mining in large free-text document archives. In Proc. Int. Symposium on Cooperative Database Systems for Advanced Applications, Kyoto, Japan, 1996.]]Google Scholar
- 32.J. Nielsen. Hypertext and Hypermedia. Academic Press, Boston, MA, 1993.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 33.L. Philipps. Are legal decisions based on the application of ruies or prototype recognition? Legal science on the way to neural network. In Pre-proceedings of the 3rd Int Conf on Logica, Informatica, Diritto, Florence, Italy, 1989.]]Google Scholar
- 34.A. Rauber and D. Merkl. Creating an order in distributed digital libraries by integrating independent self-organizing maps. In Proc. Int. Conference on Arti$cial Neural Networks, Sk&de, Sweden, 1998.]]Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- 35.A. Rauber and D. Merkl. Automatic labeling of selforganizing maps: Making a treasure-map reveal its secrets. In Proc. Pacific Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Beijing, China, 1999.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 36.H. Ritter and T. Kohonen. Self-organizing semantic maps. Biological Cybernetics, 6 I , 1989.]]Google Scholar
- 37.D. E. Rose. A Symbolic und Connectionist Approach to Legal Information Retrieval. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1994.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 38.D. E. Rose and R. K. Belew. Legal information retrieval: A hybrid approach. In Proc. Int. Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 1989.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 39.D. Roussinov and M. Ramsey. Information forage through adaptive visualization. In Proc. Int. ACM Conference on Digital Libraries, Pittsburgh, PA, 1998.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 40.G. Salton. Automatic Text Processing: The Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval of Information by Computer. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 41.E. Schweighofer. The revolution in legal information retrieval, or: The empire strikes back. In Proc. Conference The Law in the Information Society, Florence, Italy, 1998. lstituto per la documentazione giuridica de1 CNR, Conference Proceedings on CD-ROM.]]Google Scholar
- 42.E. Schweighofer. Legal Knowledge Representation. Kluwer Law International, 1999.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 43.E. Schweighofer, W. Winiwarter, and D. Merkl. Information filtering: The computation of similarities in large corpora of legal texts. In Proc. Int. Conference on Artzjicial Intelligazce and Law, 1995.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 44.S. Simitis. Informationskrise des Rechts und Datenverarbeitung (Information Crisis of Law). Mtiller, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1970.]]Google Scholar
- 45.D. B. Skalak and E. L. Rissland. Arguments moves in a ruleguided domain. In Proc. Izzt. Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Low, I99 I.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 46.H. Turtle. Natural language vs. boolean query evaluation: A comparison of retrieval performance. In Proc. ACM SfGlR Int. Conference on R&D in fnformation Retrieval, 1994.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
- A learning technique for legal document analysis
Recommendations
Legal document assembly system for introducing law students with legal drafting
AbstractIn this paper, we present a method for introducing law students to the writing of legal documents. The method uses a machine-readable representation of the legal knowledge to support document assembly and to help the students to understand how the ...
Change-aware legal document retrieval model
MEDES '10: Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystemsLegal documents play a basic role in discharging the law to the public, besides constituting learning material for students, researchers and legal practitioners. Legal documents contain text rich contents that can be structured and marked with ...
Learning heterogeneous graph embedding for Chinese legal document similarity
AbstractMeasuring the similarity between legal documents to find prior documents from a massive collection that are similar to a current document is an essential component in legal assistant systems. This type of system can automatically link ...





Comments