skip to main content
research-article
Public Access

Acting the Part: Examining Information Operations Within #BlackLivesMatter Discourse

Published: 01 November 2018 Publication History

Abstract

This research examines how Russian disinformation actors participated in a highly charged online conversation about the #BlackLivesMatter movement and police-related shootings in the USA during 2016. We first present high-level dynamics of this conversation on Twitter using a network graph based on retweet flows that reveals two structurally distinct communities. Next, we identify accounts in this graph that were suspended by Twitter for being affiliated with the Internet Research Agency, an entity accused of conducting information operations in support of Russian political interests. Finally, we conduct an interpretive analysis that consolidates observations about the activities of these accounts. Our findings have implications for platforms seeking to develop mechanisms for determining authenticity---by illuminating how disinformation actors enact authentic personas and caricatures to target different audiences. This work also sheds light on how these actors systematically manipulate politically active online communities by amplifying diverging streams of divisive content.

References

[1]
Monica Anderson and Paul Hitlin. 2016. Social Media Conversations About Race: How social media users see, share, and discuss race and the rise of hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter. (August 2016). Retrieved July 10, 2017 from http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/08/15/social-media-conversations-about-race/
[2]
Ahmer Arif, John J. Robinson, Stephanie A. Stanek, Elodie S. Fichet, Paul Townsend, Zena Worku, and Kate Starbird. 2017. A closer look at the self-correcting crowd: Examining corrections in online rumors. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17). ACM, New York, NY, 155--168.
[3]
Leigh Armistead (Ed.). 2004. Information Operations: Warfare and the Hard Reality of Soft Power. Potomac Books Inc., Lincoln, NE.
[4]
Mathieu Bastian, Sebastien Heymann, and Mathieu Jacomy. 2009. Gephi: An open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
[5]
Ladislav Bittman. 1985. The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View. Pergamon-Brassey's, Washington, DC.
[6]
Black Lives Matter. Herstory. Retrieved April 4, 2018 from https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/herstory/
[7]
Blue Lives Matter. 2017. About Us -- Blue Lives Matter. (May 2017). Retrieved April 4, 2018 from https://bluelivesmatter.blue/organization/
[8]
Kyle Booten. 2016. Hashtag drift: Tracing the evolving uses of political hashtags over time. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). ACM, New York, NY, 2401--2405.
[9]
danah boyd. 2017. Google and Facebook can't just make fake news disappear. Backchannel. (March 2017). Retrieved July 10, 2011 from https://medium.com/backchannel/google-and-facebook-cant-just-make-fake-news-disappear-48f4b4e5fbe8
[10]
Alex Burns and Ben Eltham. 2009. Twitter Free Iran: An Evaluation of Twitter's Role in Public Diplomacy and Information Operations in Iran's 2009 Election Crisis. In Communications Policy & Research Forum. 298--310.
[11]
Kathy Charmaz. 2014. Constructing Grounded Theory. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
[12]
Dharma Dailey and Kate Starbird. 2017. Social Media Seamsters: Stitching Platforms & Audiences into Local Crisis Infrastructure. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1277--1289.
[13]
Teun A. Van Dijk. 2015. Racism and the Press. Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
[14]
John DH Downing and Charles Husband. 2005. Representing Race: Racisms, Ethnicity and the Media. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
[15]
Daniel Edler and Martin Rosvall. 2014. The MapEquation software package. Retrieved from http://www.mapequation.org
[16]
Robert M. Faris, Hal Roberts, Bruce Etling, Nikki Bourassa, Ethan Zuckerman, and Yochai Benkler. 2017. Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
[17]
Johan Farkas, Jannick Schou, and Christina Neumayer. 2018. Cloaked Facebook pages: Exploring fake Islamist propaganda in social media. New Media and Society 20, 5. 1850--1867.
[18]
Johan Farkas, Jannick Schou, and Christina Neumayer. 2018. Platformed antagonism: Racist discourses on fake Muslim Facebook pages. Critical Discourse Studies 0, 0. 1--18.
[19]
R. Stuart Geiger and David Ribes. 2011. Trace ethnography: Following coordination through documentary practices. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 1--10.
[20]
Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse M. Shapiro. Ideological segregation online and offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126, 4 (2011). 1799--1839.
[21]
Anthony Giddens. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
[22]
Catherine Grevet, Loren G. Terveen, and Eric Gilbert. 2014. Managing political differences in social media. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing (CSCW '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1400--1408.
[23]
Drew Griffin and Donie O'Sullivan. 2017. The Fake Tea Party Twitter Account Linked to Russia and Followed by Sebastian Gorka. (Sep. 2017). Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/21/politics/tpartynews-twitter-russia-link/index.html
[24]
Jessica Guynn. 2015. Meet the Woman Who Coined #BlackLivesMatter. (March 4, 2015). Retrieved April 4, 2018 from https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/#
[25]
Jonathan Haidt. 2012. The Righteous mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. Vintage, New York, NY.
[26]
Rongbin Han. 2015. Manufacturing consent in cyberspace: China's 'fifty-cent army'. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44, 2 (2015). 105--134.
[27]
Philip N. Howard. 2002. Network ethnography and the hypermedia organization: New media, new organizations, new methods. New Media & Society 4, 4 (2002). 550--574.
[28]
Joint Chiefs of Staff. 2014. Information Operations. Joint Publication 3--13. Department of Defense, United States. Retrieved from http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_13.pdf
[29]
Garth S. Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell. 1999. Propaganda and Persuasion. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, CA.
[30]
Marina Kogan, Leysia Palen, and Kenneth M. Anderson. 2015. Think Local, Retweet Global: Retweeting by the Geographically-Vulnerable during Hurricane Sandy. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 981--993.
[31]
David Lazer, Brian Rubineau, Carol Chetkovich, Nancy Katz, and Michael Neblo. 2010. The coevolution of networks and political attitudes. Political Communication 27, 3 (2010). 248--274.
[32]
Herbert S. Lin and Jaclyn Kerr. 2017. On Cyber-Enabled Information/Influence Warfare and Manipulation. Oxford University Press, UK.
[33]
Eden Litt. 2012. Knock, knock. Who's there? The imagined audience. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56, 3 (Sep. 2012), 330--345.
[34]
Jim Maddock, Kate Starbird, Haneen J. Al-Hassani, David E. Sandoval, Mania Orand, and Robert M. Mason. 2015. Characterizing online rumoring behavior using multi-dimensional signatures. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. ACM, New York, NY, 228--241.
[35]
George E. Marcus. 1995. Ethnography in/of the world system: The emergence of multi-sited ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995). 95--117.
[36]
Alice E. Marwick and danah boyd. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society 13, 1 (2011), 114--133.
[37]
Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis. 2017. Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute, New York, NY.
[38]
Louise Matsakis. 2017. Twitter Told Congress This Random American Is a Russian Propaganda Troll. (Nov. 2017). Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/8x5mma/twitter-told-congress-this-random-american-is-a-russian-propaganda-troll
[39]
Gregg R. Murray and Anthony Scime. Microtargeting and electorate segmentation: Data mining the American national election studies. Journal of Political Marketing 9, 3 (2010). 143--166.
[40]
Jonathan Corpus Ong and Jason Vincent A. Cabanes. 2018. Architects of Networked Disinformation. The Newton Tech4Dev Network. University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. Retrieved from http://newtontechfordev.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ARCHITECTS-OF-NETWORKED-DISINFORMATION-FULL-REPORT.pdf
[41]
Walter J. Ong. 1975. The writer's audience is always a fiction. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 90, 1 (Jan. 1975), 9--21.
[42]
Leysia Palen and Kenneth M. Anderson. 2016. Crisis informatics - New data for extraordinary times. Science 353, 6296 (2016). 224--225.
[43]
Christopher Paul and Miriam Matthews. 2016. The Russian "Firehose of Falsehood" Propaganda Model. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
[44]
Zizi Papacharissi. 2009. The virtual geographies of social networks: a comparative analysis of Facebook, LinkedIn and A SmallWorld. New Media & Society 11. 199--220.
[45]
Peter Pomerantsev and Michael Weiss. 2014. The menace of unreality: How the Kremlin weaponizes information, culture and money. Institute of Modern Russia, New York, NY.
[46]
Jarred Prier. 2017. Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly 11, 4 (2017), 36 pages.
[47]
Martin Rosvall, Daniel Axelsson, and Carl T. Bergstrom. 2009. The map equation. The European Physical Journal Special Topics 178, 1 (Sep. 2009), 13--23.
[48]
Dana Rotman, Jennifer Preece, Yurong He, and Allison Druin. 2012. Extreme ethnography: challenges for research in large scale online environments. In Proceedings of the 2012 iConference. ACM, New York, NY, 207--214.
[49]
Saiph Savage, Andres Monroy-Hernandez, and Tobias Höllerer. 2016. Botivist: Calling Volunteers to Action using Online Bots. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 813--822.
[50]
Esther Shein. 2013. Ephemeral data. Communications of the ACM 56, 9 (2013). 20--22.
[51]
Craig Silverman. 2018. Russian Trolls Ran Wild On Tumblr And The Company Refuses To Say Anything About It. (Feb. 2018). Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/russian-trolls-ran-wild-on-tumblr-and-the-company-refuses?utm_term=.ad65gb5jz#.rdwOw8O6Z
[52]
Alvin A. Snyder. Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War: An Insider's Account. Arcade Publishing, New York. NY.
[53]
Alex Stamos. 2018. Authenticity Matters: The IRA Has No Place on Facebook. (Apr. 2018) Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/04/authenticity-matters/
[54]
Kate Starbird and Leysia Palen. 2012. (How) will the revolution be retweeted? Information diffusion and the 2011 Egyptian uprising. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17). ACM, New York, NY, 7--16.
[55]
Leo Graiden Stewart, Ahmer Arif, A. Conrad Nied, Emma S. Spiro, and Kate Starbird. 2017. Drawing the lines of contention: Networked frame contests within #BlackLivesMatter discourse. In Proceedings of ACM Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW, Article 96 (December 2017), 23 pages.
[56]
The Internet Archive. About the Internet Archive. Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://archive.org/about/
[57]
Anton Troianovski. 2018. A Former Russian Troll Speaks: 'It Was Like Being in Orwell's World'. (Feb. 2018). Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/17/a-former-russian-troll-speaks-it-was-like-being-in-orwells-world/
[58]
Joshua Tucker, Andrew Guess, Pablo Barberá, Cristian Vaccari, Alexandra Siegel, Sergey Sanovich, Denis Stukal, and Brendan Nyhan. 2018. Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature. William Flora Hewlett Foundation, Menlo Park, CA.
[59]
Tumblr Help Center. 2018. Public Record of Usernames Linked to State-Sponsored Disinformation Campaigns. (Mar. 2018). Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://tumblr.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002280214
[60]
Twitter. 2018. Update on Twitter's Review of the 2016 U.S. Election. (Jan. 2018) Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/topics/company/2018/2016-election-update.html
[61]
United States District Court for the District of Columbia. 2018. Case 1:18-cr-00032-DLF - USA v. IRA et al. (Feb. 2018). Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://www.justice.gov/file/1035477/download
[62]
United States House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. 2017. Exhibit B (Nov. 2017). https://democrats-intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/exhibit_b.pdf
[63]
United States House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. 2017. Testimony of Sean J. Edgett. (Nov. 2017). Retrieved April 17, 2018 from https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/prepared_testimony_of_sean_j._edgett_from_twitter.pdf
[64]
Yiran Wang and Gloria Mark. 2017. Engaging with Political and Social Issues on Facebook in College Life. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 433--445.
[65]
Clair Wardle and Hossein Derakhshan. 2017. Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making. Council of Europe Report.
[66]
Jen Weedon, William Nuland and Alex Stamos. 2017. Information Operations and Facebook. (Apr. 2017) Retrieved April 17th, 2018 from https://fbnewsroomus.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/facebook-and-information-operations-v1.pdf
[67]
Marisol Wong-Villacres, Cristina M. Velasquez, and Neha Kumar. 2017. Social Media for Earthquake Response: Unpacking its Limitations with Care. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human Computer Interaction 1, CSCW, Article 112 (December 2017), 22 pages.
[68]
Samuel C. Woolley and Philip N. Howard. 2017. Computational Propaganda Worldwide: Executive Summary. Computational Propaganda Research Project. Oxford University, Oxford, UK.

Cited By

View all
  • (2025)Explaining Differential Involvement in Cross-Movement Coalitions on Social Media: the #StopHateForProfit CampaignACM Transactions on Social Computing10.1145/36893688:1-2(1-36)Online publication date: 17-Jan-2025
  • (2024)Investigating Online Mis- and Disinformation in Cyprus: Trends and ChallengesJournalism and Media10.3390/journalmedia50400995:4(1590-1606)Online publication date: 29-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Forty Thousand Fake Twitter Profiles: A Computational Framework for the Visual Analysis of Social Media PropagandaSSRN Electronic Journal10.2139/ssrn.4899259Online publication date: 2024
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction  Volume 2, Issue CSCW
November 2018
4104 pages
EISSN:2573-0142
DOI:10.1145/3290265
Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 November 2018
Published in PACMHCI Volume 2, Issue CSCW

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. black lives matter
  2. disinformation
  3. information operations
  4. media manipulation
  5. social media
  6. twitter

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Funding Sources

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)527
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)57
Reflects downloads up to 18 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2025)Explaining Differential Involvement in Cross-Movement Coalitions on Social Media: the #StopHateForProfit CampaignACM Transactions on Social Computing10.1145/36893688:1-2(1-36)Online publication date: 17-Jan-2025
  • (2024)Investigating Online Mis- and Disinformation in Cyprus: Trends and ChallengesJournalism and Media10.3390/journalmedia50400995:4(1590-1606)Online publication date: 29-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Forty Thousand Fake Twitter Profiles: A Computational Framework for the Visual Analysis of Social Media PropagandaSSRN Electronic Journal10.2139/ssrn.4899259Online publication date: 2024
  • (2024)The theoretical wedding of computational propaganda and information operations: Unraveling digital manipulation in conflict zonesNew Media & Society10.1177/14614448241302319Online publication date: 22-Dec-2024
  • (2024)On the fly: How Japanese social media “watchers” improvise to counter problematic informationNew Media & Society10.1177/14614448241302311Online publication date: 2-Dec-2024
  • (2024)Forty Thousand Fake Twitter Profiles: A Computational Framework for the Visual Analysis of Social Media PropagandaSocial Science Computer Review10.1177/08944393241269394Online publication date: 1-Aug-2024
  • (2024)Human or Not?: An Experiment With Chatbot Manipulations to Test Machine Heuristics and Political Self-ConceptsSocial Science Computer Review10.1177/08944393241252027Online publication date: 6-May-2024
  • (2024)Corrective or Backfire: Characterizing and Predicting User Response to Social CorrectionProceedings of the 16th ACM Web Science Conference10.1145/3614419.3644004(149-158)Online publication date: 21-May-2024
  • (2024)Analyzing Security and Privacy Advice During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine on TwitterProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642826(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
  • (2024)Lifting the lid on manipulative website contents: A framework mapping contextual and informational feature combinations against associated social cognitive vulnerabilitiesSocial and Personality Psychology Compass10.1111/spc3.1294718:2Online publication date: 15-Feb-2024
  • Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Login options

Full Access

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media