skip to main content
research-article

Accumulative Display Updating for Intermittent Systems

Published:08 October 2019Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Electrophoretic displays are ideal for self-powered systems, but currently require an uninterrupted power supply to carry out the full display update cycle. Although sensible for battery-powered devices, when directly applied to intermittently-powered systems, guaranteeing display update atomicity usually results in repeated execution until completion or can incur high hardware/software overheads, heavy programmer intervention and large energy buffering requirements to provide sufficient display update energy. This paper introduces the concept, design and implementation of accumulative display updating, which relaxes the atomicity constraints of display updating, such that the display update process can be accumulatively completed across power cycles, without the need for sufficient energy for the entire display update. To allow for process logical continuity, we track the update progress during execution and facilitate a safe display shutdown procedure to overcome physical and operability issues related to abrupt power failure. Additionally, a context-aware updating policy is proposed to handle data freshness issues, where the delay in addressing new update requests can cause the display contents to be in conflict with new data available. Experimental results on a Texas Instruments device with an integrated electrophoretic display show that, compared to atomic display updating, our design can significantly increase accurate forward progress, decrease the average response time of display updating and reduce time and energy wastage when displaying fresh data.

References

  1. A. R. Arreola, D. Balsamo, G. Merrett, and A. Weddell. 2018. RESTOP: Retaining external peripheral state in intermittently-powered sensor systems. Sensors 18, 172 (2018), 1--19.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. P. F. Bai, R. A. Hayes, M. L. Jin, L. L. Shui, Z. C. Yi, L. Wang, X. Zhang, and G. F. Zhou. 2014. Review of paper-like display technologies. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 147 (2014), 95--116.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  3. D. Balsamo, A. S. Weddell, A. Das, A. R. Arreola, D. Brunelli, B. M. Al-Hashimi, G. V. Merrett, and L. Benini. 2016. Hibernus++: A self-calibrating and adaptive system for transiently-powered embedded devices. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 35, 12 (2016), 1968--1980.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. P. A. Bernstein, V. Hadzilacos, and N. Goodman. 1987. Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Inc., Reading, MA.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. G. Berthou, T. Delizy, K. Marquet, T. Risset, and G. Salagnac. 2018. Sytare: A lightweight kernel for NVRAM-based transiently-powered systems. IEEE Trans. on Computers (2018), 1--14.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. P. Bogdan, M. Pajic, P. P. Pande, and V. Raghunathan. 2016. Making the Internet-of-Things a reality: From smart models, sensing and actuation to energy-efficient architectures. In Proc. of IEEE/ACM CODES+ISSS. 1--10.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. T. Boshita, H. Suzuki, and Y. Matsumoto. 2018. IoT-based bus location system using LoRaWAN. In Proc. of IEEE ITSC. 933--938.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. W.-M Chen, T.-S. Cheng, P.-C. Hsiu, and T.-W Kuo. 2016. Value-based task scheduling for nonvolatile processor-based embedded devices. In Proc. of IEEE RTSS. 247--256.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  9. W.-M. Chen, P.-C. Hsiu, and T.-W. Kuo. 2019. Enabling failure-resilient intermittently-powered systems without runtime checkpointing. In Proc. of IEEE/ACM DAC.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. W.-M. Chen, Chen Y.-T., P.-C. Hsiu, and T.-W. Kuo. 2019. Multiversion concurrency control on intermittent systems. In Proc. of IEEE/ACM ICCAD.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  11. A. Colin and B. Lucia. 2016. Chain: Tasks and channels for reliable intermittent programs. In Proc. of ACM OOPSLA. 514--530.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  12. A. Dementyev, J. Gummeson, D. Thrasher, A. Parks, D. Ganesan, J. R. Smith, and A. P. Sample. 2013. Wirelessly powered bistable display tags. In Proc. of ACM UbiComp. 383--386.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. C. Dierk, M. J. P. Nicholas, and E. Paulos. 2018. AlterWear: Battery-free wearable displays for opportunistic interactions. In Proc. of ACM CHI. 220:1--220:11.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. T. M. Fernández-Caramés and P. Fraga-Lamas. 2018. A review on human-centered IoT-connected smart labels for the industry 4.0. IEEE Access 6 (2018), 25939--25957.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. T. Grosse-Puppendahl, S. Hodges, N. Chen, J. Helmes, S. Taylor, J. Scott, J. Fromm, and D. Sweeney. 2016. Exploring the design space for energy-harvesting situated displays. In Proc. of ACM Symposium on UIST. 41--48.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. H. Jayakumar, A. Raha, J. R. Stevens, and V. Raghunathan. 2017. Energy-aware memory mapping for hybrid FRAM-SRAM MCUs in intermittently-powered IoT devices. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 16, 3 (2017), 65:1--65:23.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. C.-K. Kang, C.-H. Lin, P.-C. Hsiu, and M.-S. Chen. 2018. HomeRun: HW/SW Co-design for program atomicity on self-powered intermittent systems. In Proc. of IEEE/ACM ISLPED. 29:1--29:6.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. W. Kao, J. Ye, F. Lin, P. Cheng, and R. Sprague. 2009. Configurable timing controller design for active matrix electrophoretic display. IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics 55, 1 (2009), 1--5.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Y. Liu, Z. Li, H. Li, Y. Wang, X. Li, K. Ma, S. Li, M.-F Chang, S. John, Y. Xie, J. Shu, and H. Yang. 2015. Ambient energy harvesting nonvolatile processors: From circuit to system. In Proc. of the IEEE/ACM DAC. 150:1--150:6.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Brandon Lucia and Benjamin Ransford. 2015. A simpler, safer programming and execution model for intermittent systems. In Proc. of ACM PLDI. 575--585.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Kaisheng Ma, Yang Zheng, Shuangchen Li, Karthik Swaminathan, Xueqing Li, Yongpan Liu, Jack Sampson, Yuan Xie, Vijaykrishnan Narayanan, K. Ma, Y. Zheng, S. Li, K. Swaminathan, X. Li, Y. Liu, J. Sampson, Y. Xie, and V. Narayanan. 2015. Architecture exploration for ambient energy harvesting nonvolatile processors. In Proc. of IEEE HPCA. 526--537.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. K. Maeng, A. Colin, and B. Lucia. 2017. Alpaca: Intermittent execution without checkpoints. In Proc. of ACM OOPSLA. 96:1--96:30.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. M. Magno, D. Brunelli, L. Sigrist, R. Andri, L. Cavigelli, A. Gomez, and L. Benini. 2016. InfiniTime: Multi-sensor wearable bracelet with human body harvesting. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 11 (2016), 38--49.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  24. J. Nehani, D. Brunelli, M. Magno, L. Sigrist, and L. Benini. 2015. An energy neutral wearable camera with EPD display. In Proc. of ACM WearSys Workshop. 1--6.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Pervasive Displays. 2015. EPD G2 Aurora-Mb CoG Driver Timing Interface-rev03(4P018-00). http://www.pervasivedisplays.com/_literature_220873/COG_Driver_Interface_Timing_for_small_size_G2_V231.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. Pervasive Displays. 2018. 1.44 inch TFT EPD Panel - Product Specification - rev04 (1P134-00). http://www.pervasivedisplays.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=238015.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Pervasive Displays. 2018. EPD Extension Kit Gen2 (EXT2) - User Guide - Rev07. http://www.pervasivedisplays.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=245220.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Benjamin Ransford, Jacob Sorber, and Kevin Fu. 2011. Mementos: System support for long-running computation on RFID-scale devices. In Proc. of ACM ASPLOS. 159--170.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. X. Sheng, C. Wang, Y. Liu, H. G. Lee, N. Chang, and H. Yang. 2014. A high-efficiency dual-channel photovoltaic power system for nonvolatile sensor nodes. In Proc. of IEEE NVMSA. 1--2.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. X. Sheng, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, and H. Yang. 2013. SPaC: A segment-based parallel compression for backup acceleration in nonvolatile processors. In Proc. of DATE. 865--868.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. F. Su, K. Ma, X. Li, T. Wu, Y. Liu, and V. Narayanan. 2017. Nonvolatile processors: Why is it trending?. In Proc. of DATE. 966--971.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. Texas Instruments. [n.d.]. MSP EnergyTrace Technology. http://www.ti.com/tool/energytrace.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  33. Texas Instruments. 2016. MSP-EXP430FR5994 LaunchPad Development Kit. http://www.ti.com/tool/MSP-EXP430FR5994.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. S. K. Thirumala, A. Raha, H. Jayakumar, K. Ma, V. Narayanan, V. Raghunathan, and S. K. Gupta. 2018. Dual mode ferroelectric transistor based non-volatile flip-flops for intermittently-powered systems. In Proc. of IEEE/ACM ISLPED. 31:1--31:6.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Mimi Xie, Mengying Zhao, Chen Pan, Hehe Li, Yongpan Liu, Youtao Zhang, Chun Jason Xue, and Jingtong Hu. 2016. Checkpoint aware hybrid cache architecture for NV processor in energy harvesting powered systems. In Proc. of IEEE/ACM CODES+ISSS. 22:1--22:10.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Accumulative Display Updating for Intermittent Systems

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in

    Full Access

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    HTML Format

    View this article in HTML Format .

    View HTML Format
    About Cookies On This Site

    We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website.

    Learn more

    Got it!