skip to main content
research-article
Open Access

"This Place Does What It Was Built For": Designing Digital Institutions for Participatory Change

Published:07 November 2019Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Whether we recognize it or not, the Internet is rife with exciting and original institutional forms that are transforming social organization on and offline. Governing these Internet platforms and other digital institutions has posed a challenge for engineers and managers, many of whom have little exposure to the relevant history or theory of institutional design. The dominant guiding practices for the design of digital institutions to date in human-computer interaction, computer-supported cooperative work, and the tech industry at large have been an incentive-focused behavioral engineering paradigm encompassing atheoretical approaches such as emulation, A/B-testing, engagement maximization, and piecemeal issue-driven engineering. One institutional analysis framework that has been useful in the study of traditional institutions comes from scholars of natural resource management, particularly that community of economists, anthropologists, and environmental and political scientists focused around the work of Elinor Ostrom, known collectively as the "Ostrom Workshop." A key finding from this community that has yet to be broadly incorporated into the design of many digital institutions is the importance of including participatory change mechanisms in what is called a "constitutional layer" of institutional design. The institutional rules that compose a constitutional layer facilitate stakeholder participation in the ongoing process of institutional design change. We explore to what extent consideration of constitutional layers is met or could be better met in three varied cases of digital institutions: cryptocurrencies, cannabis informatics, and amateur Minecraft server governance. Examining such highly varied cases allows us to demonstrate the broad relevance of constitutional layers in many different types of digital institutions.

References

  1. Sadia Afroz, Vaibhav Garg, Damon McCoy, and Rachel Greenstadt. Honor among thieves: A common's analysis of cybercrime economies. In 2013 APWG eCrime Researchers Summit, pages 1--11. IEEE, 2013.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Howard Aldrich. Organizations Evolving. Sage, 1999.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Peter M. Asaro. Transforming society by transforming technology: The science and politics of participatory design. Accounting, Management and Information Technologies, 10(4):257--290, 2000.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  4. WR Ashby. Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems. Cybernetica, 1(2):1--17, 1958.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Marcella Atzori. Blockchain technology and decentralized governance: Is the state still necessary? Journal of Governance and Regulation, 6(1):45--62, 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. Liam Bannon, Kjeld Schmidt, and Ina Wagner. Lest we forget. In Susanne Bødker, Niels Olof Bouvin, Volker Wulf, Luigina Ciolfi, and Wayne Lutters, editors, Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, ECSCW '11, pages 213--232, London, 2011. Springer London.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Eric P. S. Baumer and Jed R. Brubaker. Post-userism. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '17, pages 6291--6303, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Gerard Beenen, Kimberly Ling, Xiaoqing Wang, Klarissa Chang, Dan Frankowski, Paul Resnick, and Robert E. Kraut. Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW '04, pages 212--221, New York, NY, USA, 2004. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Yochai Benkler. Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and "The Nature of the Firm". The Yale Law Journal, 112(3):369, December 2002.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  10. Ivan Beschastnikh, Travis Kriplean, and David W. McDonald. Wikipedian Self -Governance in Action : Motivating the Policy Lens. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM '08. AAAI, 2008.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Erling Björgvinsson, Pelle Ehn, and Per-Anders Hillgren. Participatory design and "democratizing innovation". In Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Participatory Design Conference, PDC '10, pages 41--50, New York, NY, USA, 2010. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Tom Boellstorff. Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human. Princeton University Press, 2015.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Rainer Böhme, Nicolas Christin, Benjamin Edelman, and Tyler Moore. Bitcoin: Economics, technology, and governance. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(2):213--38, 2015.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  14. danah boyd and Kate Crawford. Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5):662--679, 2012.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. Susan L. Bryant, Andrea Forte, and Amy Bruckman. Becoming Wikipedian : Transformation of Participation in a Collaborative Online Encyclopedia. In Proceedings of the 2005 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work, GROUP '05, pages 1--10, New York, NY, USA, 2005. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Brian Butler, Elisabeth Joyce, and Jacqueline Pike. Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy: The nature and roles of policies and rules in Wikipedia. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '08, pages 1101--1110, New York, NY, USA, 2008. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. John T. Carnevale, Raanan Kagan, Patrick J. Murphy, and Josh Esrick. A practical framework for regulating for-profit recreational marijuana in US states: Lessons from Colorado and Washington. International Journal of Drug Policy, 42:71--85, 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  18. Carmelo Cennamo and Juan Santalo. Platform competition: Strategic trade-offs in platform markets. Strategic Management Journal, 34(11):1331--1350, 2013.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  19. Erwin Chemerinsky. Introduction: Marijuana Laws and Federalism. Boston College Law Review, 58(3):857--862, 2017.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Andrew Clement and Peter Van den Besselaar. A retrospective look at PD projects. Commun. ACM, 36(6):29--37, June 1993.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Commoneffort. EOS constitution. nolinkurlhttps://github.com/EOSIO/eos/blob/5068823fbc8a8f7d29733309c0496438c339f7dc/constitution.md, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. Michael Cox, Gwen Arnold, and Sergio Villamayor-Tomás. A review of design principles for community-based natural resource management. Ecology and Society, 15(4), 2010.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  23. Nicole Crenshaw, Jaclyn LaMorte, and Bonnie Nardi. "Something we loved that was taken away": Community and neoliberalism in World of Warcraft. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  24. Christopher A Le Dantec and Carl DiSalvo. Infrastructuring and the formation of publics in participatory design. Social Studies of Science, 43(2):241--264, 2013.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  25. Laura DeNardis. Protocol Politics: The Globalization of Internet Governance. MIT Press, 2009.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. Ada Diaconescu and Jeremy Pitt. Holonic Institutions for Multi-scale Polycentric Self-governance. International Workshop on Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems, pages 19--35, 2014.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Gregory M Dickinson. An interpretive framework for narrower immunity under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 33:863, 2010.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Paul DiMaggio, Eszter Hargittai, W Russell Neuman, and John P Robinson. Social implications of the Internet. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1):307--336, 2001.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  29. Paul Dourish. Implications for design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '06, pages 541--550, New York, NY, USA, 2006. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. Paul Dourish. HCI and environmental sustainability: The politics of design and the design of politics. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, DIS '10, pages 1--10, New York, NY, USA, 2010. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. Quinn DuPont. Experiments in algorithmic governance: A history and ethnography of "The DAO," a failed decentralized autonomous organization. In Bitcoin and Beyond, pages 157--177. Routledge, 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  32. Quinn DuPont. Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains. Polity, 2019.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  33. Pelle Ehn. Participation in design things. In Proceedings of the Tenth Anniversary Conference on Participatory Design 2008, PDC '08, pages 92--101, Indianapolis, IN, USA, 2008. Indiana University.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Rosta Farzan, Laura A. Dabbish, Robert E. Kraut, and Tom Postmes. Increasing commitment to online communities by designing for social presence. In Proceedings of the ACM 2011 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW '11, pages 321--330, New York, NY, USA, 2011. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. Andrea Forte and Amy Bruckman. Scaling consensus: Increasing decentralization in Wikipedia governance. In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2008.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. Andrea Forte, Vanessa Larco, and Amy Bruckman. Decentralization in Wikipedia governance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 26(1):49--72, 2009.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. Jo Freeman. The tyranny of structurelessness. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, pages 151--164, 1972.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  38. Seth Frey and Robert W Sumner. Emergence of integrated institutions in a large population of self-governing communities. PloS one, 14(7):e0216335, 2019.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  39. Batya Friedman, Peter H Kahn, and Alan Borning. Value sensitive design and information systems. Human-computer interaction in management information systems: Foundations, pages 348--372, 2006.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. Batya Friedman and Helen Nissenbaum. Bias in computer systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 14(3):330--347, 1996.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  41. Alexander R Galloway. Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization. MIT press, 2004.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. Johannes Gartner. Participatory design in consulting. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 7(3):273--289, Sep 1998.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. Johannes Gartner and Ina Wagner. Mapping actors and agendas: Political frameworks of systems design and participation. Human-Computer Interaction, 11(3):187--214, 1996.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  44. Abigail Geiger. About six-in-ten Americans support marijuana legalization. Technical report, Pew Research Center, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  45. Tarleton Gillespie. The relevance of algorithms. Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society, 167, 2014.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Tarleton Gillespie. Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions that Shape Social Media. Yale University Press, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  47. Eric Gorski. Colorado's vision of regulating medical pot dispensaries with high-tech checks and seed-to-sale tracking becomes a pipe dream. The Denver Post, page 1A, 2013.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  48. Eric Gorski. Regulators vow better oversight. The Denver Post, page 9A, 2014.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  49. Joan Greenbaum. Back to labor: Returning to labor process discussions in the study of work. In Proceedings of the 1996 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW '96, pages 229--237, New York, NY, USA, 1996. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  50. Jonathan Grudin. The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '90, pages 261--268, New York, NY, USA, 1990. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  51. Jonathan Grudin. Computer-supported cooperative work: History and focus. Computer, 27(5):19--26, 1994.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  52. Eszter Hargittai. Second-level digital divide: Differences in people's online skills. First Monday, 7(4), 2002.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  53. Colin Harris. Institutional solutions to free-riding in peer-to-peer networks: a case study of online pirate communities. Journal of Institutional Economics, pages 1--24, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  54. Bradi Heaberlin and Simon DeDeo. The Evolution of Wikipedia's Norm Network. Future Internet, 8(2):14, April 2016.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  55. Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom. A framework for analysing the microbiological commons. In International Social Science Journal, pages 335--349, 2006.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  56. Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom. Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  57. Albert O Hirschman. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States, volume 25. Harvard University Press, 1970.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. Bernie Hogan. Social media giveth, social media taketh away: Facebook, friendships, and APIs. International Journal of Communication, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  59. Kimberly A. Houser and Robert E. Rosacker. High times: A history of marijuana laws in the United States. International Journal of Business & Public Administration, 11(2):131--141, 2014.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  60. Matthew Iles. The civil constitution (Beta). https://blog.joincivil.com/the-civil-constitution-beta-64460a181e08, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  61. John Ingold. Pot tag tracking on hold. The Denver Post, page 5A, 2013.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  62. Mike Isaac. Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg says he'll shift focus to users' privacy. The New York Times, March 2019.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  63. Eaman Jahani, P. M. Krafft, Yoshihiko Suhara, Esteban Moro, and Alex Sandy Pentland. ScamCoins, S*** Posters, and the search for the Next Bitcoin ™ Collective sensemaking in cryptocurrency discussions. The 21st ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW), 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  64. Brian Keegan. Research agenda for cannabis informatics. In 2018 Institute of Cannabis Research Conference. Colorado State University-Pueblo. Library, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  65. Brian Keegan and Casey Fiesler. The evolution and consequences of peer producing Wikipedia's rules. In Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, May 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  66. Brian C Keegan, Patricia Cavazos-Rehg, Anh Ngoc Nguyen, Saiph Savage, Jofish Kaye, Munmun De Choudhury, and Michael J Paul. CHI-nnabis: Implications of marijuana legalization for and from human-computer interaction. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 1312--1317. ACM, 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  67. Finn Kensing and Jeanette Blomberg. Participatory design: Issues and concerns. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 7(3):167--185, Sep 1998.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  68. Peter Kollock and Marc Smith. Managing the virtual commons. Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social, and cross-cultural perspectives, pages 109--128, 1996.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  69. Yubo Kou and Bonnie A Nardi. Governance in League of Legends: A hybrid system. In Foundations of Digital Games, 2014.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  70. P. M. Krafft, Nicolás Della Penna, and Alex Sandy Pentland. An experimental study of cryptocurrency market dynamics. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, page 605. ACM, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  71. Robert E. Kraut, Paul Resnick, Sara Kiesler, Yuqing Ren, Yan Chen, Moira Burke, Niki Kittur, John Riedl, and Joseph Konstan. Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design. The MIT Press, 2012.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  72. Travis Kriplean, Ivan Beschastnikh, David W. McDonald, and Scott A. Golder. Community, consensus, coercion, control: CS*W or how policy mediates mass participation. In Proceedings of the 2007 International ACM Conference on Supporting Group Work, GROUP '07, pages 167--176, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  73. Lawrence Lessig. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. Basic Books, Inc., 1999.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  74. Caitlin Lustig and Bonnie Nardi. Algorithmic authority: The case of Bitcoin. In 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pages 743--752. IEEE, 2015.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  75. Caitlin Lustig, Katie Pine, Bonnie Nardi, Lilly Irani, Min Kyung Lee, Dawn Nafus, and Christian Sandvig. Algorithmic authority: The ethics, politics, and economics of algorithms that interpret, decide, and manage. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 1057--1062. ACM, 2016.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  76. William J Luther. Cryptocurrencies, network effects, and switching costs. Contemporary Economic Policy, 34(3):553--571, 2016.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  77. Metrc. The System. https://www.metrc.com/the-system, 2016.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  78. Jonathan T. Morgan and Mark Zachry. Negotiating with angry mastodons: The Wikipedia policy environment as genre ecology. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work, GROUP '10, pages 165--168, New York, NY, USA, 2010. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  79. Michael J Muller. Participatory design: The third space in HCI. Human-computer interaction: Development process, 4235:165--185, 2003.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  80. Francesca Musiani. Alternative technologies as alternative institutions: The case of the domain name system. In The Turn to Infrastructure in Internet Governance, pages 73--86. Springer, 2016.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  81. Malavika Nair and Nicolás Cachanosky. Bitcoin and entrepreneurship: Breaking the network effect. The Review of Austrian Economics, 30(3):263--275, 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  82. Arvind Narayanan, Joseph Bonneau, Edward Felten, Andrew Miller, and Steven Goldfeder. Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies: A comprehensive introduction. Princeton University Press, 2016.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  83. Douglass C. North. Institutions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1):97--112, 1991.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  84. Elinor Ostrom. Governing the Commons. Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  85. Elinor Ostrom. Designing complexity to govern complexity. In Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues, pages 30--43. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1995.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  86. Elinor Ostrom. Incentives, rules of the game, and development. In Michael Bruno and Boris Pleskovic, editors, World Bank Conference on Development Economics, pages 207--234. The World Bank, Washington DC, 1995.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  87. Elinor Ostrom. Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton University Press, 2005.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  88. Elinor Ostrom. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science, 325(5939):419--422, 2009.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  89. Elinor Ostrom. Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100(3):641--672, 2010.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  90. Manoj Parameswaran and Andrew B Whinston. Social computing: An overview. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 19(1):37, 2007.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  91. Frank Pasquale. The Black Box Society. Harvard University Press, 2015.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  92. Jeremy Pitt, D'idac Busquets, and Sam Macbeth. Distributive Justice for Self-Organised Common-Pool Resource Management. ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems, 9(3):1--39, October 2014.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  93. Jeremy Pitt and Ada Diaconescu. Structure and governance of communities for the digital society. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing, pages 279--284. IEEE, 2015.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  94. Jeremy Pitt, Ada Diaconescu, and David Bollier. Technology for Collective Action. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 33(3):32--34, 2014.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  95. Joseph M. Reagle, Jr. Do As I Do: Authorial leadership in Wikipedia. In Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis, WikiSym '07, pages 143--156, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  96. Yuqing Ren, F. Maxwell Harper, Sara Drenner, Loren Terveen, Sara Kiesler, John Riedl, and Robert E. Kraut. Building member attachment in online communities: Applying theories of group identity and interpersonal bonds. MIS Quarterly, 36(3):841--864, September 2012.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  97. Yuqing Ren, Robert Kraut, and Sara Kiesler. Applying common identity and bond theory to design of online communities. Organization Studies, 28(3):377--408, 2007.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  98. Paul Resnick and Robert E. Kraut. Introduction. In Robert E. Kraut and Paul Resnick, editors, Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design, chapter 1, pages 1--19. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  99. Travis L Ross and Lauren B Collister. A social scientific framework for social systems in online video games: Building a better looking for raid loot system in World of Warcraft. Computers in Human Behavior, 36:1--12, 2014.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  100. Landon Schnabel and Eric Sevell. Should Mary and Jane be legal? Americans' attitudes toward marijuana and same-sex marriage legalization, 1988--2014. Public Opinion Quarterly, 81(1):157--172, 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  101. Charles M Schweik and Robert C English. Internet Success: A Study of Open-Source Software Commons. A Study of Open-source Software Commons. MIT Press, 2012.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  102. W. Richard Scott. Crafting an analytic framework: Three pillars of institutions. In Institutions and Organizations. SAGE Publications, Inc, fourth edition edition, 2013.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  103. W Richard Scott. Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural and Open Systems Perspectives. Routledge, 2015.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  104. Aaron Shaw and Benjamin M Hill. Laboratories of oligarchy? how the iron law extends to peer production. Journal of Communication, 64(2):215--238, 2014.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  105. M. Six Silberman. Reading Elinor Ostrom in Silicon Valley: Exploring institutional diversity on the Internet. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Supporting Group Work, GROUP '16, pages 363--368, New York, NY, USA, 2016. ACM.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  106. Susan Leigh Star and Karen Ruhleder. Steps toward an ecology of infrastructure: Design and access for large information spaces. Information Systems Research, 7(1):111--134, 1996.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  107. Pontus Strimling and Seth Frey. Emergent cultural differences in online communities' norms of fairness. Games and Culture, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  108. Todd Subritzky, Simone Pettigrew, and Simon Lenton. Issues in the implementation and evolution of the commercial recreational cannabis market in Colorado. International Journal of Drug Policy, 27:1--12, 2016.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  109. Cass R. Sunstein and Richard H. Thaler. Libertarian paternalism is not an oxymoron. The University of Chicago Law Review, pages 1159--1202, 2003.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  110. S. Y. Tang. Institutions and collective action: self-governance in irrigation. ICS Press, 1992.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  111. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein. Libertarian paternalism. American Economic Review, 93(2):175--179, 2003.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  112. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Penguin Books, New York, February 2009.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  113. Peter Vessenes. Point / counterpoint: Ethereum miners should blacklist TheDAO theft. https://vessenes.com/point-counterpoint-ethereum-miners-should-blacklist-thedao-theft/, 2016.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  114. Gili Vidan and Vili Lehdonvirta. Mine the gap: Bitcoin and the maintenance of trustlessness. New Media & Society, 21(1):42--59, 2019.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  115. Fernanda B Viegas, Martin Wattenberg, and Matthew M McKeon. The Hidden Order of Wikipedia. In D Schuler, editor, Online Communities and Social Computing, pages 445--454. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2007.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  116. Fei-Yue Wang, Kathleen M Carley, Daniel Zeng, and Wenji Mao. Social computing: From social informatics to social intelligence. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 22(2):79--83, 2007.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  117. Kevin Werbach. The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  118. Jeffrey Wilcke. To fork or not to fork. https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/07/15/to-fork-or-not-to-fork/, 2016.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  119. Langdon Winner. Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus, pages 121--136, 1980.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  120. Michael J Withey and William H Cooper. Predicting exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Administrative Science Quarterly, pages 521--539, 1989.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  121. Dave Yates and Jessica Speer. Over and under-regulation in the Colorado cannabis industry - A data-analytic perspective. International Journal of Drug Policy, 59:63--66, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref

Index Terms

  1. "This Place Does What It Was Built For": Designing Digital Institutions for Participatory Change

          Recommendations

          Comments

          Login options

          Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

          Sign in

          Full Access

          PDF Format

          View or Download as a PDF file.

          PDF

          eReader

          View online with eReader.

          eReader
          About Cookies On This Site

          We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website.

          Learn more

          Got it!