Abstract
The intersection of Islam and gender affect technological and social interactions for Muslim women in significant ways and remains an understudied domain for CSCW and related fields. Building on 73 qualitative interviews with low-income women in Punjab, Pakistan, we analyze the complexity of family relationships and the subsequent dynamics of authority around technology uptake and usage by women within non-Western contexts, and, specifically, within the Islamic world. We argue that a Pakistani woman's experience with technology depends on many factors, including gendered roles, generational differences in a family, and wider socio-cultural and religious influences against the backdrop of a culturally conservative and patriarchal society. Our paper highlights the rich family dynamics, including key life events, that transform the roles of both Muslim women and their relatives. Our work is intended to inform scholars, practitioners within development agencies and industry, and other individuals studying technology and development about household dynamics that influence Muslim women's use of technology to encourage them to consider these dynamics during design and implementation processes for technological inclusion.
- Norah Abokhodair, Sofiane Abbar, Sarah Vieweg, and Yelena Mejova. 2016. Privacy and Twitter in Qatar: Traditional Values in the Digital World. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science (WebSci '16). ACM, New York,NY, USA, 66--77. https://doi.org/10.1145/2908131.2908146 event-place: Hannover, Germany.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Leila Ahmed. 1992.Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Yale University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bg61Google Scholar
- Shahab Ahmed. 2015.What Is Islam?: The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton University Press. Google-Books-ID:n1BFCQAAQBAJ.Google Scholar
- Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Nova Ahmed, Faheem Hussain, and Neha Kumar. 2016. Computing Beyond Gender-imposed Limits. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computing Within Limits (LIMITS '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA,6:1--6:7. https://doi.org/10.1145/2926676.2926681Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Shion Guha, Md Rashidujjaman Rifat, Faysal Hossain Shezan, and Nicola Dell. 2016. Privacy in Repair: An Analysis of the Privacy Challenges Surrounding Broken Digital Artifacts in Bangladesh. In ICTD. https://doi.org/10.1145/2909609.2909661Google Scholar
- Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Md. Romael Haque, Jay Chen, and Nicola Dell. 2017. Digital Privacy Challenges withShared Mobile Phone Use in Bangladesh.Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.1, CSCW (Dec. 2017), 17:1--17:20.https://doi.org/10.1145/3134652Google Scholar
- Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Md. Romael Haque, Shion Guha, Md. Rashidujjaman Rifat, and Nicola Dell. 2017. Privacy,Security, and Surveillance in the Global South: A Study of Biometric Mobile SIM Registration in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA,906--918. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025961Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Steven J. Jackson, Nova Ahmed, Hasan Shahid Ferdous, Md. Rashidujjaman Rifat, A.S.MRizvi, Shamir Ahmed, and Rifat Sabbir Mansur. 2014. Protibadi: A Platform for Fighting Sexual Harassment in Urban Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 32Nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2695--2704. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557376Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Adel Al-Dawood, Norah Abokhodair, Houda El mimouni, and Svetlana Yarosh. 2017. "Against Marrying a Stranger": Marital Matchmaking Technologies in Saudi Arabia. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1013--1024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3064663.3064683 event-place:Edinburgh, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Majdah Alshehri and Norman Makoto Su. 2018. The Beauty of Ugliness: Preserving while Communicating Onlinewith Shared Graphic Photos.Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)27, 3 (Dec. 2018), 355--388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-018--9331--3Google Scholar
- Talal Asad. 2003.Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford University Press. Google-Books-ID:CeJ85XwCPxQC.Google Scholar
- Shaowen Bardzell. 2010. Feminist HCI: Taking Stock and Outlining an Agenda for Design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1301--1310. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753521 event-place: Atlanta, Georgia, USA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Shaowen Bardzell and Jeffrey Bardzell. 2011. Towards a Feminist HCI Methodology: Social Science, Feminism, and HCI. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY,USA, 675--684. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979041 event-place: Vancouver, BC, Canada.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Genevieve Bell. 2006. No More SMS from Jesus: Ubicomp, Religion and Techno-spiritual Practices. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp'06). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 141--158. https://doi.org/10.1007/11853565_9 event-place: Orange County, CA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Isaiah Berlin. 2017.Two Concepts of Liberty. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315091822--3Google Scholar
- Lindsay Blackwell, Tianying Chen, Sarita Schoenebeck, and Cliff Lampe. 2018. When Online Harassment Is Perceived as Justified. In Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM18/paper/view/17902Google Scholar
- Lindsay Blackwell, Emma Gardiner, and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2016. Managing Expectations: Technology Tensions Among Parents and Teens. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1390--1401. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819928event-place: San Francisco, California, USA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Joshua Blumenstock and Nathan Eagle. 2010. Mobile Divides: Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Mobile Phone Use in Rwanda. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6:1--6:10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369225 event-place:London, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Bono and Mark Zuckerberg. 2017. Opinion | To Unite the Earth, Connect It. The New York Times(Dec. 2017). https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/opinion/sunday/to-unite-the-earth-connect-it.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Samantha Breslin and Bimlesh Wadhwa. 2014. Exploring Nuanced Gender Perspectives Within the HCI Community. In Proceedings of the India HCI 2014 Conference on Human Computer Interaction (India HCI '14). ACM, New York, NY,USA, 45:45--45:54. https://doi.org/10.1145/2676702.2676709 event-place: New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Elizabeth Buie and Mark Blythe. 2013. Spirituality: There's an App for That! (but Not a Lot of Research). In CHI'13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2315--2324. https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2468754 event-place: Paris, France.Google Scholar
- Jenna Burrell. 2010. Evaluating Shared Access: social equality and the circulation of mobile phones in rural Uganda.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 15, 2 (Jan. 2010), 230--250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083--6101.2010.01518.xGoogle Scholar
- Justine Cassell. 2003. Genderizing HCI. InThe Human-computer Interaction Handbook, Julie A. Jacko and Andrew Sears (Eds.). L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 401--412. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=772072.772100Google Scholar
- Elisabetta Costa. 2016. Social Media in Southeast Turkey: Love, Kinship and Politics. UCL Press. Google-Books-ID:gUZLDwAAQBAJ.Google Scholar
- Elisabetta Costa and Laura Menin. 2016. Introduction: Digital Intimacies: Exploring Digital Media and Intimate Livesin the Middle East and North Africa. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication9, 2 (Jan. 2016), 137--145. https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-00902002Google Scholar
- Jill P. Dimond, Michaelanne Dye, Daphne Larose, and Amy S. Bruckman. 2013. Hollaback!: The Role of Storytelling Online in a Social Movement Organization. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 477--490. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776.2441831 event-place: San Antonio, Texas, USA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- J. P. Dimond, C. Fiesler, and A. S. Bruckman. 2011. Domestic violence and information communication technologies. Interacting with Computers 23, 5 (Sept. 2011), 413--421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.04.006Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Leslie L. Dodson, S. Revi Sterling, and John K. Bennett. 2013. Minding the Gaps: Cultural, Technical and Gender-based Barriers to Mobile Use in Oral-language Berber Communities in Morocco. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development: Full Papers - Volume 1 (ICTD '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 79--88. https://doi.org/10.1145/2516604.2516626 event-place: Cape Town, South Africa.Google Scholar
- Susan M. Dray, Anicia N. Peters, Anke M. Brock, Andrea Peer, Allison Druin, Shikoh Gitau, Janaki Kumar, and Dianne Murray. 2013. Leveraging the Progress of Women in the HCI Field to Address the Diversity Chasm. In CHI'13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2399--2406. https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2468785 event-place: Paris, France.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Allison Druin. 2002. The role of children in the design of new technology. Behaviour & Information Technology 21, 1(Jan. 2002), 1--25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290110108659Google Scholar
- Hasan Shahid Ferdous, Frank Vetere, Hilary Davis, Bernd Ploderer, Kenton O'Hara, Rob Comber, and Geremy Farr-Wharton. 2017. Celebratory Technology to Orchestrate the Sharing of Devices and Stories During Family Mealtimes. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY,USA, 6960--6972. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025492 event-place: Denver, Colorado, USA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Batya Friedman, Peter H Kahn, and Alan Borning. 2002. Value Sensitive Design: Theory and Methods. (2002), 8.Google Scholar
- Genevieve Bell. 2010. Messy Futures: Culture, technology and research.Google Scholar
- GSM Association 2017. Triggering mobile internet use among men and women in South Asia. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/programme/connected-women/triggering-mobile-internet-use-among-men-women-south-asiaGoogle Scholar
- GSM Association. 2018. The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2018. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/programme/connected-women/mobile-gender-gap-report-2019Google Scholar
- Iman Hashim. 1999. Reconciling Islam and feminism. Gender & Development 7, 1 (March 1999), 7--14. https://doi.org/10.1080/741922938Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Tajul-Islam Hashmi. 1995. Women and Islam: Taslima Nasreen, society and politics in Bangladesh.South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 18, 2 (Dec. 1995), 23--48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409508723234Google Scholar
- Bushra Hassan and Tim Unwin. 2017. Mobile Identity Construction by Male and Female Students in Pakistan: On,In, and Through the Phone. Information Technologies & International Development 13, 0 (April 2017), 16. https://itidjournal.org/index.php/itid/article/view/1483Google Scholar
- Bushra Hassan, Tim Unwin, and Akber Gardezi. 2018. Understanding the Darker Side of ICTs: Gender, Sexual Harassment, and Mobile Devices in Pakistan.Information Technologies & International Development 14, 0 (March 2018), 17. https://itidjournal.org/index.php/itid/article/view/1558Google Scholar
- Naeemul Hassan, Manash Kumar Mandal, Mansurul Bhuiyan, Aparna Moitra, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2019. Nonparticipation of Bangladeshi Women in #MeToo Movement. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conferenceon Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 29:1--29:5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287125 event-place: Ahmedabad, India.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Alexis Hiniker, Sarita Y. Schoenebeck, and Julie A. Kientz. 2016. Not at the Dinner Table: Parents' and Children's Perspectives on Family Technology Rules. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1376--1389. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819940 event-place: San Francisco, California, USA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Alexis Hiniker, Kiley Sobel, Hyewon Suh, Yi-Chen Sung, Charlotte P. Lee, and Julie A. Kientz. 2015. Texting While Parenting: How Adults Use Mobile Phones While Caring for Children at the Playground. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 727--736.https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702199 event-place: Seoul, Republic of Korea.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Nguyen Thi Hoan, Arul Chib, and Ram Mahalingham. 2016. Mobile Phones and Gender Empowerment: Enactment of 'Restricted Agency'. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5:1--5:10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2909609.2909671Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Bell Hooks. 1981.Ain't I a Woman Black Women and Feminism. Pluto Press.Google Scholar
- Heather A. Horst and Daniel Miller. 2012. Digital Anthropology. Berg Publishers. Google-Books-ID: 9KuPzBgus7oC.Google Scholar
- Samia Ibtasam, Hamid Mehmood, Lubna Razaq, Jennifer Webster, Sarah Yu, and Richard Anderson. 2017. An Exploration of Smartphone Based Mobile Money Applications in Pakistan. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA,1:1--1:11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3136560.3136571 event-place: Lahore, Pakistan.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Samia Ibtasam, Lubna Razaq, Haider W. Anwar, Hamid Mehmood, Kushal Shah, Jennifer Webster, Neha Kumar, and Richard Anderson. 2018. Knowledge, Access, and Decision-Making: Women's Financial Inclusion In Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 22:1--22:12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3209811.3209819Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kori Inkpen, Brett Taylor, Sasa Junuzovic, John Tang, and Gina Venolia. 2013. Experiences2Go: Sharing Kids' Activities Outside the Home with Remote Family Members. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1329--1340. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776.2441926 event-place: San Antonio, Texas, USA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Lilly Irani, Janet Vertesi, Paul Dourish, Kavita Philip, and Rebecca E. Grinter. 2010. Postcolonial Computing: A Lenson Design and Development. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1311--1320. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753522 event-place: Atlanta, Georgia, USA.Google Scholar
- Sara Isola and Jerry Alan Fails. 2012. Family and Design in the IDC and CHI Communities. In Proceedings ofthe 11th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 40--49.https://doi.org/10.1145/2307096.2307102 event-place: Bremen, Germany.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Judith E. Tucker. 1998.In the House of the Law: Gender and Islamic Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine(first ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520224742/in-the-house-of-the-lawGoogle Scholar
Cross Ref
- Naveena Karusala, Aditya Vishwanath, Arkadeep Kumar, Aman Mangal, and Neha Kumar. 2017. Care as a Resource in Underserved Learning Environments. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW (Dec.2017), 1--22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134739Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Neha Kumar. 2015. The gender-technology divide or perceptions of non-use?First Monday 20, 11 (Nov. 2015). http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/6300Google Scholar
- Neha Kumar and Tapan S. Parikh. 2013. Mobiles, Music, and Materiality. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2863--2872. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481396 event-place: Paris, France.Google Scholar
- Neha Kumar, Trevor Perrier, Michelle Desmond, Kiersten Israel-Ballard, Vikrant Kumar, Sudip Mahapatra, Anil Mishra, Shreya Agarwal, Rikin Gandhi, Pallavi Lal, and Richard Anderson. 2015. Projecting Health: Community-led Video Education for Maternal Health. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 17:1--17:10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738023Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ann Light, Ilda Ladeira, Jahmeilah Roberson, N. Bidwell, Nimmi Rangaswamy, Nithya Sambasivan, and Shikoh Gitau. 2010. Gender matters: Female perspectives in ICT4D research. (2010). http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/5469Google Scholar
- Lila Abu-Lughod. 2008.Writing Women's Worlds: Bedouin Stories. https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520256514/writing-womens-worldsGoogle Scholar
- Lila Abu-Lughod. 2013.Do Muslim Women Need Saving? Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wpmncGoogle Scholar
- S. Mahmood. 2006. Secularism, Hermeneutics, and Empire: The Politics of Islamic Reformation. Public Culture 18, 2(April 2006), 323--347. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363--2006-006Google Scholar
- Saba Mahmood. 2011.Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton University Press.Google-Books-ID: 07hisn49NBQC.Google Scholar
- Saba Mahmood. 2012. Feminist Theory, Embodiment, and the Docile Agent: Some Reflections on the Egyptian Islamic Revival. Cultural Anthropology 16, 2 (Nov. 2012), 202--236. https://legacy.culanth.org/articles/151-feminist-theory-embodiment-and-the-docile-agentGoogle Scholar
- Indrani Medhi, Ed Cutrell, and Kentaro Toyama. 2010. It's Not Just Illiteracy. In Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Interaction Design & International Development (IHCI'10). BCS Learning & Development Ltd., Swindon, UK, 1--10. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2227347.2227348Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Indrani Medhi, S. Raghu Menon, Edward Cutrell, and Kentaro Toyama. 2010. Beyond Strict Illiteracy: Abstracted Learning Among Low-literate Users. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 23:1--23:9. https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369241Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Anita Mehrotra, Ashley Nguyen, Joshua Blumenstock, and Viraj Mohan. 2012. Differences in Phone Use Between Men and Women: Quantitative Evidence from Rwanda. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 297--306. https://doi.org/10.1145/2160673.2160710Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Microsoft Devices Team. 2013. What 'Connecting People' really means. https://blogs.windows.com/devices/2013/04/09/what-connecting-people-really-means/Google Scholar
- Daniel Miller, Elisabetta Costa, Nell Haynes, Tom McDonald, Razvan Nicolescu, Jolynna Sinanan, Juliano Spyer,Shriram Venkatraman, and Xinyuan Wang. 2016. How the World Changed Social Media. UCL Press. Google-Books-ID:Iyk8DwAAQBAJ.Google Scholar
- Chandra Talpade Mohanty. 1984. Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. boundary 212/13 (1984), 333--358. https://doi.org/10.2307/302821Google Scholar
- Monir Hossain Moni and M. Ansar Uddin. 2004. Cellular Phones for Women's Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh.Asian Journal of Women's Studies 10, 1 (Jan. 2004), 70--89. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2004.11665966Google Scholar
- Rosalind Morris (Ed.). 2010.Can the Subaltern Speak?: Reflections on the History of an Idea. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
- Reese Muntean, Alissa N. Antle, Brendan Matkin, Kate Hennessy, Susan Rowley, and Jordan Wilson. 2017. Designing Cultural Values into Interaction. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6062--6074. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025908Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Laura L. Murphy and Alexandra E. Priebe. 2011. "My co-wife can borrow my mobile phone!": Gendered Geographies of Cell Phone Usage and Significance for Rural Kenyans.Gender, Technology and Development 15, 1 (March 2011), 1--23. https://doi.org/10.1177/097185241101500101Google Scholar
- Maryam Mustafa, Noor Mazhar, Ayesha Asghar, Maryem Zafar Usmani, Lubna Razaq, and Richard Anderson. 2019.Digital Financial Needs of Micro-entrepreneur Women in Pakistan: Is Mobile Money the Answer?. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Glasgow, Scotland UK.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Soud Nassir and Tuck Wah Leong. 2017. Traversing Boundaries: Understanding the Experiences of Ageing Saudis. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6386--6397. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025618 event-place: Denver, Colorado, USA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- David Nemer. 2016. "LAN Houses Are for Boys and Telecenters Are for Girls:" CTCs As Gendered Spaces. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development(ICTD '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 54:1--54:4. https://doi.org/10.1145/2909609.2909638Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Carman Neustaedter, Svetlana Yarosh, and A. J. Brush. 2009. Designing for Families. In CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2735--2738. https://doi.org/10.1145/1520340.1520394 event-place: Boston, MA, USA.Google Scholar
- Fayika Farhat Nova, MD. Rashidujjaman Rifat, Pratyasha Saha, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, and Shion Guha. 2019. Online Sexual Harassment over Anonymous Social Media in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1:1--1:12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287107 event-place: Ahmedabad, India.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Pakistan Today. 2018. BU comes under fire for asking male, female students to keep '6-inch distance'. Pakistan Today - Newspaper(May 2018).https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/05/18/bu-comes-under-fire-for-asking-male-female-students-to-keep-6-inch-distance/Google Scholar
- Joyojeet Pal, Meera Lakshmanan, and Kentaro Toyama. 2007. My child will be respected Parental perspectiveson computers in rural India. In 2007 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. IEEE, Bangalore, India, 1--9. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTD.2007.4937402Google Scholar
- Joyojeet Pal, Maura Youngman, Terence O'Neill, Priyank Chandra, and Cyprien Semushi. 2015. Gender and Accessibility in Rwanda and Malawi. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5:1--5:9. https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2738020Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Paul De Palma. 2001. Viewpoint: Why Women Avoid Computer Science.Commun. ACM44, 6 (June 2001), 27--30. https://doi.org/10.1145/376134.376145Google Scholar
- Mohanalakshmi Rajakumar. 2012. Faceless Facebook: Female Qatari Users Choosing Wisely. In New Media Literaciesand Participatory Popular Culture Across Borders. Routledge, 125--134. https://www.academia.edu/8783192/Faceless_Facebook_Female_Qatari_Users_Choosing_WiselyGoogle Scholar
- Philip J. Reed, Muhammad Raza Khan, and Joshua Blumenstock. 2016. Observing Gender Dynamics and Disparitieswith Mobile Phone Metadata. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 48:1--48:4. https://doi.org/10.1145/2909609.2909632Google Scholar
- Iris Reychav and Roger McHaney. 2017. The relationship between gender and mobile technology use in collaborative learning settings: An empirical investigation. Computers & Education 113 (Oct. 2017), 61--74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.05.005Google Scholar
- Tony Roberts. 2016. Women's Use of Participatory Video Technology to Tackle Gender Inequality in Zambia's ICT Sector. InProceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies andDevelopment (ICTD '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6:1--6:11. https://doi.org/10.1145/2909609.2909673Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Jennifer A. Rode. 2011. A Theoretical Agenda for Feminist HCI.Interact. Comput. 23, 5 (Sept. 2011), 393--400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.04.005Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Muhammad Azam Roomi. 2013. Entrepreneurial capital, social values and Islamic traditions: Exploring the growthof women-owned enterprises in Pakistan. International Small Business Journal 31, 2 (March 2013), 175--191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610397403Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Salem, Sara. 2013. Feminist critique and Islamic feminism: The question of intersectionality. The Postcolonialist 1, 1(2013), 1--8.Google Scholar
- Nithya Sambasivan, Amna Batool, Nova Ahmed, Tara Matthews, Kurt Thomas, Laura Sanely GaytÃ?n-Lugo, DavidNemer, Elie Bursztein, Elizabeth Churchill, and Sunny Consolvo. 2019. "They Don'T Leave Us Alone Anywhere WeGo": Gender and Digital Abuse in South Asia. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in ComputingSystems (CHI '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2:1--2:14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300232 event-place: Glasgow, Scotland Uk.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Nithya Sambasivan, Garen Checkley, Amna Batool, Nova Ahmed, David Nemer, Laura Sanely Gaytn-Lugo, TaraMatthews, Sunny Consolvo, and Elizabeth Churchill. 2018. "Privacy is not for me, it's for those rich women": Performative Privacy Practices on Mobile Phones by Women in South Asia. (Aug. 2018), 17.Google Scholar
- Nithya Sambasivan, Ed Cutrell, Kentaro Toyama, and Bonnie Nardi. 2010. Intermediated Technology Use in Developing Communities. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '10). ACM, NewYork, NY, USA, 2583--2592. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753718Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Diane J. Schiano, Christine Burg, Anthony Nalan Smith, and Florencia Moore. 2016. Parenting Digital Youth: How Now?. InProceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA'16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3181--3189. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892481 event-place: San Jose, California, USA.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Karin Astrid Siegmann. 2008. The Gender Digital Divide in Rural Pakistan:. ICTs for development (Dec. 2008), 21.Google Scholar
- Steve Vosloo. 2018. Five Traits of Low-literacy Technology Users in Developing Countires. https://www.ictworks.org/traits-low-literacy-technology-users/Google Scholar
- Sharifa Sultana, Francois Guimbretire, Phoebe Sengers, and Nicola Dell. 2018. Design Within a Patriarchal Society: Opportunities and Challenges in Designing for Rural Women in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 536:1--536:13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174110 event-place: Montreal QC, Canada.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Sharifa Sultana, Shaid Hasan, Khandaker Reaz Mahmud, S. M. Raihanul Alam, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2019. 'Shada Baksho': A Hardware Device to Explore the Fears of Using Mobile Phones Among the Rural Women of Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 36:1--36:4. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287132 event-place: Ahmedabad, India.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Syed Nadir El Edroos. 2013. At NUST: Fined for 'wearing tight' or no 'dopatta'. https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/18977/at-nust-fined-for-wearing-tight-or-no-dopatta/Google Scholar
- Abdul Aziz Taga. 2012. GENDER GAP IN PAKISTAN: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. 2, 3 (2012), 8.Google Scholar
- We Are Social. 2018.Digital in 2018: World's internet users pass the 4 billion mark. Technical Report. https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018Google Scholar
- Marisol Wong-Villacres, Arkadeep Kumar, Aditya Vishwanath, Naveena Karusala, Betsy DiSalvo, and Neha Kumar. 2018. Designing for Intersections. In Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 45--58. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196709.3196794 event-place: Hong Kong, China.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- World Economic Forum. 2017. The global gender gap report: 2017. World Economic Forum, Geneva. OCLC: 1012177619.Google Scholar
- World Economic Forum. 2018. Global Gender Gap Report 2018. Technical Report. https://wef.ch/2SGccWnGoogle Scholar
- Susan Wyche, Charles Steinfield, Tian Cai, Nightingale Simiyu, and Martha E. Othieno. 2016. Reflecting on Video: Exploring the Efficacy of Video for Teaching Device Literacy in Rural Kenya. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA,8:1--8:10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2909609.2909667Google Scholar
- Susan P. Wyche, Paul M. Aoki, and Rebecca E. Grinter. 2008. Replacing Faith: Reconsidering the Secular-religious Use Divide in the United States and Kenya. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11--20. https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357057 event-place: Florence,Italy.Google Scholar
- Susan P. Wyche, Kelly E. Caine, Benjamin Davison, Micheal Arteaga, and Rebecca E. Grinter. 2008. Sun Dial: Exploring Techno-spiritual Design Through a Mobile Islamic Call to Prayer Application. In CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3411--3416. https://doi.org/10.1145/1358628.1358866 event-place: Florence, Italy.Google Scholar
- Susan P. Wyche, Kelly E. Caine, Benjamin K. Davison, Shwetak N. Patel, Michael Arteaga, and Rebecca E. Grinter. 2009. Sacred Imagery in Techno-spiritual Design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors inComputing Systems (CHI '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 55--58. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518710 event-place: Boston, MA, USA.Google Scholar
- Susan P. Wyche and Rebecca E. Grinter. 2009. Extraordinary Computing: Religion As a Lens for Reconsidering theHome. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 749--758. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518817 event-place: Boston, MA, USA.Google Scholar
- Susan P. Wyche, Gillian R. Hayes, Lonnie D. Harvel, and Rebecca E. Grinter. 2006. Technology in Spiritual Formation: An Exploratory Study of Computer Mediated Religious Communications. In Proceedings of the 2006 20th Anniversary Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '06). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 199--208. https://doi.org/10.1145/1180875.1180908 event-place: Banff, Alberta, Canada.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ayesha Zainudeen, Tahani Iqbal, and Rohan Samarajiva. 2010. Who's got the phone? Gender and the use of the telephone at the bottom of the pyramid. New Media & Society 12, 4 (June 2010), 549--566. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809346721Google Scholar
Cross Ref
Index Terms
"My cousin bought the phone for me. I never go to mobile shops.": The Role of Family in Women's Technological Inclusion in Islamic Culture
Recommendations
Knowledge, Access, and Decision-Making: Women's Financial Inclusion In Pakistan
COMPASS '18: Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable SocietiesIn resource-constrained economies, lack of financial participation prohibits women's economic empowerment and opportunities to improve circumstances. With the advent of Digital Financial Services (DFS), a growing emphasis has been placed on the possible ...
Threats, Abuses, Flirting, and Blackmail: Gender Inequity in Social Media Voice Forums
CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsHCI4D researchers and practitioners have leveraged voice forums to enable people with literacy, socioeconomic, and connectivity barriers to access, report, and share information. Although voice forums have received impassioned usage from low-income, low-...
Intersectionality and cyberbullying
Display Omitted Our paper applies an intersectional approach to the study of cyberbullying.We explore the conditional impact of race, gender, and sexuality on victimization.We conducted an original survey of students in a Midwestern high school (N=752)...






Comments