Abstract
While the sport of golf offers unique opportunities for people of all ages to be active, it also requires mastering complex movements before it can be fully enjoyed. Extensive training is required to begin achieving any success, which may demotivate prospective players away from the sport. To aid beginner golfers and enable them to practice without supervision, we designed Subtletee---a system that enhances the bodily awareness of golfers by providing feedback on the position of their feet and elbows. We first identified key problems golf beginners face through expert interviews. We then evaluated different feedback modalities for Subtletee---visual, tactile and auditory in an experiment with 20 beginner golfers. We found that providing proprioception feedback increased the users' performance on the driving range, with tactile feedback providing the most benefits. Our work provides insights on delivering feedback during physical activity that requires high precision movements.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
Auxiliary material presents video figures used in online pre-study, in .mp4 format.
- Herman Aguinis and Kyle J. Bradley. 2014. Best practice recommendations for designing and implementing experimental vignette methodology studies. Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 17, 4 (2014), 351--371.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Jessalyn Alvina, Shengdong Zhao, Simon T. Perrault, Maryam Azh, Thijs Roumen, and Morten Fjeld. 2015. OmniVib: Towards Cross-body Spatiotemporal Vibrotactile Notifications for Mobile Phones. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI '15). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 2487--2496. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702341Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Fraser Anderson, Tovi Grossman, Justin Matejka, and George Fitzmaurice. 2013. YouMove: Enhancing Movement Training with an Augmented Reality Mirror. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symp. on User Interface Software and Technology (St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom) (UIST '13). Association for Computing Machinery, NY, NY, USA, 311--320. https://doi.org/10.1145/2501988.2502045Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Arccos. 2015. Arccos Golf. arccosgolf.ukGoogle Scholar
- Simon Asplund and Martin Jonsson. 2018. SWAY - Designing for Balance and Posture Awareness. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conf. on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (Stockholm, Sweden) (TEI '18). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 470--475. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173225.3173262Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Stephen Barrass and Gregory Kramer. 1999. Using sonification. Multimedia Systems, Vol. 7, 1 (01 Jan 1999), 23--31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005300050108Google Scholar
- Marta M. N. Biekiewicz, Lionel Bringoux, Franck Buloup, Matthew Rodger, Cathy Craig, and Christophe Bourdin. 2019. The Limitations of Being a Copycat: Learning Golf Putting Through Auditory and Visual Guidance. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10 (2019), 92. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00092Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Ann Blandford, Dominic Furniss, and Stephann Makri. 2016. Qualitative HCI research: Going behind the scenes. Vol. 9. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. 1--115 pages.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Joel Beall Brian Zimmerli. 2019. Am I Too Poor to Play Golf? Golfworld by Golf Digest (2019). https://www.golfdigest.com/story/am-i-too-poor-to-play-golfGoogle Scholar
- Gi Broman, Lena Johnsson, and Lennart Kaijser. 2004. Golf: a high intensity interval activity for elderly men. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 16, 5 (01 Oct 2004), 375--381. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324567Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- John Brooke et almbox. 1996. SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability evaluation in industry, Vol. 189, 194 (1996), 4--7.Google Scholar
- Douglas S. Brungart. 2002. Near-field Virtual Audio Displays. Presence: Teleoper. Virtual Environ., Vol. 11, 1 (Feb. 2002), 93--106. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474602317343686Google Scholar
- Voice Caddie. [n.d.]. Swing Caddie SC200. https://voicecaddie.com/products/practice/swing-caddie/sc200-swing-caddie/Google Scholar
- Marta G. Carcedo, Soon Hau Chua, Simon Perrault, Pawel W. Wo'zniak, Raj Joshi, Mohammad Obaid, Morten Fjeld, and Shengdong Zhao. 2016. HaptiColor: Interpolating Color Information As Haptic Feedback to Assist the Colorblind. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI '16). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 3572--3583. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858220Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ashley Colley, Pawel W. Wo'zniak, Francisco Kiss, and Jonna H"akkil"a. 2018. Shoe Integrated Displays: A Prototype Sports Shoe Display and Design Space. In Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction (Oslo, Norway) (NordiCHI '18). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 39--46. https://doi.org/10.1145/3240167.3240216Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Caleb Conner and Gene Michael Poor. 2016. Correcting Exercise Form Using Body Tracking. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conf. Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI EA '16). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 3028--3034. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892519Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Milena Droumeva and Ron Wakkary. 2006. Sound Intensity Gradients in an Ambient Intelligence Audio Display. In CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montréal, Québec, Canada) (CHI EA '06). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 724--729. https://doi.org/10.1145/1125451.1125597Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Giorgia D'Innocenzo, Claudia C. Gonzalez, A. Mark Williams, and Daniel T. Bishop. 2016. Looking to Learn: The Effects of Visual Guidance on Observational Learning of the Golf Swing. PLOS ONE, Vol. 11, 5 (05 2016), 1--19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155442Google Scholar
- Don Samitha Elvitigala, Denys J.C. Matthies, Löic David, Chamod Weerasinghe, and Suranga Nanayakkara. 2019. GymSoles: Improving Squats and Dead-Lifts by Visualizing the User's Center of Pressure. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI '19). ACM, NY, NY, USA, Article 174, bibinfonumpages12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300404Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Kevin Fan, Jean-Marc Seigneur, Jonathan Guislain, Suranga Nanayakkara, and Masahiko Inami. 2016. Augmented Winter Ski with AR HMD. In Proceedings of the 7th Augmented Human International Conf. 2016 (Geneva, Switzerland) (AH '16). Association for Computing Machinery, NY, NY, USA, Article 34, bibinfonumpages2 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2875194.2875202Google Scholar
Digital Library
- B. Farahmand, G. Broman, U. De Faire, D. Vågerö, and A. Ahlbom. 2009. Golf: a game of life and death -- reduced mortality in Swedish golf players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 19, 3 (2009), 419--424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00814.x https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002--9343(00)00455--1Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Dimitrios Raptis, Nikolaos Tselios, Jesper Kjeldskov, and Mikael B. Skov. 2013. Does Size Matter? Investigating the Impact of Mobile Phone Screen Size on Users' Perceived Usability, Effectiveness and Efficiency.. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Munich, Germany) (MobileHCI '13). Association for Computing Machinery, NY, NY, USA, 127--136. https://doi.org/10.1145/2493190.2493204Google Scholar
- Jonathan H. Schuett, Riley J. Winton, Jared M. Batterman, and Bruce N. Walker. 2014. Auditory Weather Reports: Demonstrating Listener Comprehension of Five Concurrent Variables. In Proceedings of the 9th Audio Mostly: A Conf. on Interaction With Sound (Aalborg, Denmark) (AM '14). ACM, NY, NY, USA, Article 17, bibinfonumpages7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2636879.2636898Google Scholar
- Ben Shneiderman and Catherine Plaisant. 2010. Designing the user interface: strategies for effective human-computer interaction .Pearson Education India.Google Scholar
- Thomas Smith, Simon J. Bowen, Bettina Nissen, Jonathan Hook, Arno Verhoeven, John Bowers, Peter Wright, and Patrick Olivier. 2015. Exploring Gesture Sonification to Support Reflective Craft Practice. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI '15). Association for Computing Machinery, NY, NY, USA, 67--76. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702497Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Fabrizio Sors, Mauro Murgia, Ilaria Santoro, and Tiziano Agostini. 2015. Audio-based interventions in sport. The Open Psychology Journal, Vol. 8, 1 (2015).Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Foresight Sports. 2019. Foresight GC2. https://www.foresightsports.com/gc2-smart-camera-systemGoogle Scholar
- Ramin Tadayon, Winslow Burleson, and Ashish Amresh. 2012. World of Golf: A Socially Relevant Simulation Game. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conf. on Fun and Games (Toulouse, France) (FnG '12). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 83--92. https://doi.org/10.1145/2367616.2367626Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Chek Tien Tan, Richard Byrne, Simon Lui, Weilong Liu, and Florian Mueller. 2015. JoggAR: A Mixed-Modality AR Approach for Technology-Augmented Jogging. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 Mobile Graphics and Interactive Applications (Kobe, Japan) (SA '15). Association for Computing Machinery, NY, NY, USA, Article 33, bibinfonumpages1 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818427.2818434Google Scholar
- Yuka Tanaka, Homare Kon, and Hideki Koike. 2018. A Real-time Golf-swing Training System Using Sonification and Sound Image Localization. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM Symp. on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Tokyo, Japan) (VRST '18). ACM, NY, NY, USA, Article 66, bibinfonumpages2 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3281505.3281604Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Jakob Tholander and Carolina Johansson. 2010. Design Qualities for Whole Body Interaction: Learning from Golf, Skateboarding and BodyBugging. In Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries (Reykjavik, Iceland) (NordiCHI '10). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 493--502. https://doi.org/10.1145/1868914.1868970Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Laia Turmo Vidal, Elena Márquez Segura, Luis Parrilla Bel, and Annika Waern. 2018. Exteriorizing Body Alignment in Collocated Physical Training. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI EA '18). ACM, NY, NY, USA, Article LBW583, bibinfonumpages6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188685Google Scholar
- Frederik Mørch Valsted, Christopher V. H. Nielsen, Jacob Qvist Jensen, Tobias Sonne, and Mads Møller Jensen. 2017. Strive: Exploring Assistive Haptic Feedback on the Run. In Proceedings of the 29th Australian Conf. on Computer-Human Interaction (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) (OZCHI '17). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 275--284. https://doi.org/10.1145/3152771.3152801Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Frederik Wiehr, Felix Kosmalla, Florian Daiber, and Antonio Krüger. 2016. Interfaces for Assessing the Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) During High-intensity Activities. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conf. on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct (Heidelberg, Germany) (UbiComp '16). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 851--855. https://doi.org/10.1145/2968219.2968532Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Jacob O. Wobbrock, Leah Findlater, Darren Gergle, and James J. Higgins. 2011. The Aligned Rank Transform for Nonparametric Factorial Analyses Using Only Anova Procedures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI '11). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 143--146. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978963Google Scholar
- Pawel W. Wozniak, Kristina Knaving, Staffan Björk, and Morten Fjeld. 2015. RUFUS: Remote Supporter Feedback for Long-Distance Runners. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Copenhagen, Denmark) (MobileHCI '15). ACM, NY, NY, USA, 115--124. https://doi.org/10.1145/2785830.2785893Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Gabriele Wulf, Steven Orr, and Guillaume Chauvel. 2017. Optimizing golf skill learning. The Routledge International Handbook of Golf Science (2017), 88--97.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- FRH Zijlstra. 1993. Efficiency in work behaviour: A design approach for modern tools (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Repository TU Delft (90--6275--918--1) (1993).Google Scholar
Index Terms
Subtletee: Augmenting Posture Awareness for Beginner Golfers
Recommendations
MTBalance: Assisting Novice Mountain Bikers with Real-Time Proprioceptive Feedback
ISSMountain Biking (MTB) is an increasingly popular outdoors activity which offers a unqiue connection to nature along with the health benefits of cardiovascular exercise. Yet, complex MTB technique is an entry barrier that often prevent novices from ...
A Sitting Balance Training Robot for Trunk Rehabilitation of Acute and Subacute Stroke Patients
ICBBS '17: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical ScienceObjective: to test the stability of a sitting balance training robot and to verify the physiological effects on trunk muscles during the robot training.
Method: fundamental experiment and robot test experiment were conducted. EMG and kinematic data were ...
Facilitating Bodily Insights Using Electromyography-Based Biofeedback during Physical Activity
MobileHCI '21: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer InteractionPhysical exercises can benefit our health, but avoiding improper form and overexertion is essential. Facilitating bodily insights can encourage learning about exercise form, allowing users to gain a deeper understanding of their physiology. To ...






Comments