research-article

Public Access

Spidey Sense: Designing Wrist-Mounted Affective Haptics for Communicating Cybersecurity Warnings

Authors:

Linh Thai Hoang,

Jung Wook Park,

Gregory D. Abowd,

Sauvik DasAuthors Info & Claims

DIS '21: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference

Pages 125 - 137

https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462027

Published: 28 June 2021 Publication History

All formats PDF

Abstract

Improving end-users’ awareness of cybersecurity warnings (e.g., phishing and malware alerts) remains a longstanding problem in usable security. Prior work suggests two key weaknesses with existing warnings: they are primarily communicated via saturated communication channels (e.g., visual, auditory, and vibrotactile); and, they are communicated rationally, not viscerally. We hypothesized that wrist-based affective haptics should address both of these weaknesses in a form-factor that is practically deployable: i.e., as a replaceable wristband compatible with modern smartwatches like the Apple Watch. To that end, we designed and implemented Spidey Sense, a wristband that produces customizable squeezing sensations to alert users to urgent cybersecurity warnings. To evaluate Spidey Sense, we applied a three-phased ‘Gen-Rank-Verify’ study methodology with 48 participants. We found evidence that, relative to vibrotactile alerts, Spidey Sense was considered more appropriate for the task of alerting people to cybersecurity warnings.

Supplementary Material

Videos and supplements (p125-do-supplements.zip)

Download
116.41 MB

References

[1]

Anne Adams and Martina Angela Sasse. 1999. Users are not the enemy. Commun. ACM 42, 12 (1999), 40–46.

Digital Library

[2]

Devdatta Akhawe and Adrienne Porter Felt. 2013. Alice in Warningland: A Large-Scale Field Study of Browser Security Warning Effectiveness. In Presented as part of the 22nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 13). USENIX, Washington, D.C., 257–272. https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/presentation/akhawe

[3]

Bonnie Brinton Anderson, C Brock Kirwan, Jeffrey L Jenkins, David Eargle, Seth Howard, and Anthony Vance. 2015. How polymorphic warnings reduce habituation in the brain: Insights from an fMRI study. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2883–2892.

Digital Library

[4]

Matthew A Baumann, Karon E MacLean, Thomas W Hazelton, and Ashley McKay. 2010. Emulating human attention-getting practices with wearable haptics. In 2010 IEEE Haptics Symposium. IEEE, 149–156.

Digital Library

[5]

Michael S Bernstein, Greg Little, Robert C Miller, Björn Hartmann, Mark S Ackerman, David R Karger, David Crowell, and Katrina Panovich. 2010. Soylent: a word processor with a crowd inside. In Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. ACM, 313–322.

Digital Library

[6]

Leonardo Bonanni and Cati Vaucelle. 2006. A framework for haptic psycho-therapy. depression and anxiety 12 (2006), 24.

[7]

Cristian Bravo-Lillo, Lorrie Cranor, Julie Downs, Saranga Komanduri, Stuart Schechter, and Manya Sleeper. 2012. Operating system framed in case of mistaken identity: measuring the success of web-based spoofing attacks on OS password-entry dialogs. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security. ACM, 365–377.

Digital Library

[8]

Cristian Bravo-Lillo, Saranga Komanduri, Lorrie Faith Cranor, Robert W. Reeder, Manya Sleeper, Julie Downs, and Stuart Schechter. 2013. Your Attention Please: Designing Security-decision UIs to Make Genuine Risks Harder to Ignore. In Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (Newcastle, United Kingdom) (SOUPS ’13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2501604.2501610

Digital Library

[9]

Jeremy D Brown, Joshua N Fernandez, Sean P Cohen, and Katherine J Kuchenbecker. 2017. A wrist-squeezing force-feedback system for robotic surgery training. In 2017 IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC). IEEE, 107–112.

[10]

Angela Chang, Ben Resner, Brad Koerner, XingChen Wang, and Hiroshi Ishii. 2001. LumiTouch: an emotional communication device. In CHI’01 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems. 313–314.

[11]

Gwénaël Changeon, Delphine Graeff, Margarita Anastassova, and José Lozada. 2012. Tactile emotions: A vibrotactile tactile gamepad for transmitting emotional messages to children with autism. In International conference on human haptic sensing and touch enabled computer applications. Springer, 79–90.

Digital Library

[12]

Guillaume Dezecache, Julie Grèzes, and Christoph D. Dahl. 2017. The nature and distribution of affiliative behaviour during exposure to mild threat. Royal Society Open Science 4, 8 (2017), 170265. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170265 arXiv:https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.170265

[13]

Paul Dourish, E Grinter, Jessica Delgado De La Flor, and Melissa Joseph. 2004. Security in the wild: user strategies for managing security as an everyday, practical problem. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8, 6 (2004), 391–401.

[14]

Serge Egelman, Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Jason Hong. 2008. You’Ve Been Warned: An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of Web Browser Phishing Warnings. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Florence, Italy) (CHI ’08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1065–1074. https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357219

Digital Library

[15]

Serge Egelman, Janice Y. Tsai, and Lorrie F. Cranor. 2010. Tell Me Lies: A Methodology for Scientifically Rigorous Security User Studies. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Studying Online Behavior (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) (CHI ’10 Workshop). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 4 pages.

[16]

Mohamad A Eid and Hussein Al Osman. 2015. Affective haptics: Current research and future directions. IEEE Access 4(2015), 26–40.

[17]

Seyedeh Maryam Fakhrhosseini and Myounghoon Jeon. 2017. Affect/emotion induction methods. In Emotions and Affect in Human Factors and Human-Computer Interaction. Elsevier, 235–253.

[18]

Adrienne Porter Felt, Elizabeth Ha, Serge Egelman, Ariel Haney, Erika Chin, and David Wagner. 2012. Android Permissions: User Attention, Comprehension, and Behavior. In Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (Washington, D.C.) (SOUPS ’12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 3, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2335356.2335360

Digital Library

[19]

Jack Forman, Taylor Tabb, Youngwook Do, Meng-Han Yeh, Adrian Galvin, and Lining Yao. 2019. ModiFiber: Two-Way Morphing Soft Thread Actuators for Tangible Interaction. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 660.

Digital Library

[20]

William Gardner, Edward P Mulvey, and Esther C Shaw. 1995. Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models.Psychological bulletin 118, 3 (1995), 392.

[21]

Matthew J Hertenstein, Rachel Holmes, Margaret McCullough, and Dacher Keltner. 2009. The communication of emotion via touch.Emotion 9, 4 (2009), 566.

[22]

Matthew J Hertenstein, Dacher Keltner, Betsy App, Brittany A Bulleit, and Ariane R Jaskolka. 2006. Touch communicates distinct emotions.Emotion 6, 3 (2006), 528.

[23]

J. Hong. 2017. The Privacy Landscape of Pervasive Computing. IEEE Pervasive Computing 16, 3 (2017), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2017.2940957

Digital Library

[24]

Da-Yuan Huang, Ruizhen Guo, Jun Gong, Jingxian Wang, John Graham, De-Nian Yang, and Xing-Dong Yang. 2017. RetroShape: Leveraging rear-surface shape displays for 2.5 D interaction on smartwatches. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 539–551.

Digital Library

[25]

Gijs Huisman. 2017. Social touch technology: extending the reach of social touch through haptic technology. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Twente. https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036543095

[26]

Alexandra Ion, Edward Jay Wang, and Patrick Baudisch. 2015. Skin Drag Displays: Dragging a Physical Tactor Across the User’s Skin Produces a Stronger Tactile Stimulus Than Vibrotactile. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI ’15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2501–2504. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702459

Digital Library

[27]

Kinga Jurásová and Marián Špajdel. 2013. Development and assessment of film excerpts used for emotion elicitation. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva 55 (01 2013), 135–140.

[28]

Irene Kotsia, Stefanos Zafeiriou, and Spiros Fotopoulos. 2013. Affective gaming: A comprehensive survey. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops. 663–670.

Digital Library

[29]

K. Krol, M. Moroz, and M. A. Sasse. 2012. Don’t work. Can’t work? Why it’s time to rethink security warnings. In 2012 7th International Conference on Risks and Security of Internet and Systems (CRiSIS). 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/CRISIS.2012.6378951

Digital Library

[30]

Kat Krol, Jonathan M. Spring, Simon Parkin, and M. Angela Sasse. 2016. Towards Robust Experimental Design for User Studies in Security and Privacy. In The LASER Workshop: Learning from Authoritative Security Experiment Results (LASER 2016). USENIX Association, San Jose, CA, 21–31. https://www.usenix.org/conference/laser2016/program/presentation/krol

[31]

B. W. Lampson. 2004. Computer security in the real world. Computer 37, 6 (June 2004), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2004.17

Digital Library

[32]

Jaeyeon Lee and Geehyuk Lee. 2016. Designing a Non-contact Wearable Tactile Display Using Airflows. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Tokyo, Japan) (UIST ’16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1145/2984511.2984583

Digital Library

[33]

Sang-won Leigh and Pattie Maes. 2016. Body Integrated Programmable Joints Interface. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6053–6057. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858538

Digital Library

[34]

Sang-won Leigh, Kush Parekh, Timothy Denton, William S. Peebles, Magnus H. Johnson, and Pattie Maes. 2017. Morphology Extension Kit: A Modular Robotic Platform for Customizable and Physically Capable Wearables. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI EA ’17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 397–400. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3052969

Digital Library

[35]

Nicholas Micallef, Mike Just, Lynne Baillie, and Maher Alharby. 2017. Stop Annoying Me!: An Empirical Investigation of the Usability of App Privacy Notifications. In Proceedings of the 29th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) (OZCHI ’17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 371–375. https://doi.org/10.1145/3152771.3156139

Digital Library

[36]

Tyler Moore. 2010. The economics of cybersecurity: Principles and policy options. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection 3, 3(2010), 103 – 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2010.10.002

[37]

Steven Musil. 2020. Apple still dominates growing global smartwatch sector. https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-still-dominates-growing-global-smartwatch-sector/

[38]

Daniela Napoli, Sebastian Navas Chaparro, Sonia Chiasson, and Elizabeth Stobert. [n.d.]. Something Doesn’t Feel Right: Using Thermal Warnings to Improve User Security Awareness. ([n. d.]).

[39]

Chris Nodder. 2005. Users and trust: A microsoft case study. Security and Usability(2005), 589–606.

[40]

Marianna Obrist, Sriram Subramanian, Elia Gatti, Benjamin Long, and Thomas Carter. 2015. Emotions Mediated Through Mid-Air Haptics. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI ’15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2053–2062. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702361

Digital Library

[41]

Evan Pezent, Ali Israr, Majed Samad, Shea Robinson, Priyanshu Agarwal, Hrvoje Benko, and Nick Colonnese. 2019. Tasbi: Multisensory squeeze and vibrotactile wrist haptics for augmented and virtual reality. In 2019 IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC). IEEE, 1–6.

[42]

Henning Pohl and Kasper Hornbæk. 2018. ElectricItch: Skin Irritation As a Feedback Modality. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Berlin, Germany) (UIST ’18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 765–778. https://doi.org/10.1145/3242587.3242647

Digital Library

[43]

Alireza Sahami Shirazi, Niels Henze, Tilman Dingler, Martin Pielot, Dominik Weber, and Albrecht Schmidt. 2014. Large-scale assessment of mobile notifications. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 3055–3064.

Digital Library

[44]

Bahador Saket, Chrisnawan Prasojo, Yongfeng Huang, and Shengdong Zhao. 2013. Designing an Effective Vibration-based Notification Interface for Mobile Phones. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (San Antonio, Texas, USA) (CSCW ’13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 149–1504. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776.2441946

Digital Library

[45]

Florian Schaub, Rebecca Balebako, Adam L. Durity, and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2015. A Design Space for Effective Privacy Notices. In Eleventh Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2015). USENIX Association, Ottawa, 1–17. https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2015/proceedings/presentation/schaub

[46]

Stuart E Schechter, Rachna Dhamija, Andy Ozment, and Ian Fischer. 2007. The emperor’s new security indicators. In 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP’07). IEEE, 51–65.

Digital Library

[47]

David Sharek, Cameron Swofford, and Michael Wogalter. 2008. Failure to recognize fake internet popup warning messages. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 52. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, 557–560.

[48]

Sunghyun Song, Geeyoung Noh, Junwoo Yoo, Ian Oakley, Jundong Cho, and Andrea Bianchi. 2015. Hot & tight: exploring thermo and squeeze cues recognition on wrist wearables. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 39–42.

Digital Library

[49]

Joshua Sunshine, Serge Egelman, Hazim Almuhimedi, Neha Atri, and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2009. Crying Wolf: An Empirical Study of SSL Warning Effectiveness. In USENIX security symposium. Montreal, Canada, 399–416.

[50]

Dzmitry Tsetserukou, Alena Neviarouskaya, Helmut Prendinger, Naoki Kawakami, and Susumu Tachi. 2009. Affective haptics in emotional communication. In 2009 3rd international conference on affective computing and intelligent interaction and workshops. IEEE, 1–6.

[51]

Anthony Vance, David Eargle, Jeffrey L Jenkins, C Brock Kirwan, and Bonnie Brinton Anderson. 2019. The fog of warnings: how non-essential notifications blur with security warnings. In Fifteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security ({SOUPS} 2019).

[52]

Wikipedia. 2021. Public key certificate — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public%20key%20certificate&oldid=1019769813. [Online; accessed 26-April-2021].

[53]

Graham Wilson, Harry Maxwell, and Mike Just. 2017. Everything’s Cool: Extending Security Warnings with Thermal Feedback. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI EA ’17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2232–2239. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3053127

Digital Library

[54]

Anusha Withana, Daniel Groeger, and Jürgen Steimle. 2018. Tacttoo: A Thin and Feel-Through Tattoo for On-Skin Tactile Output. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Berlin, Germany) (UIST ’18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1145/3242587.3242645

Digital Library

Cited By

Takahashi ATanaka YTamhane AShen ATeng SLopes P(2024)Can a Smartwatch Move Your Fingers? Compact and Practical Electrical Muscle Stimulation in a SmartwatchProceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology10.1145/3654777.3676373(1-15)Online publication date: 13-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3654777.3676373
Paden JNarechania AEndert A(2024)BiasBuzz: Combining Visual Guidance with Haptic Feedback to Increase Awareness of Analytic Behavior during Visual Data AnalysisExtended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613905.3651064(1-7)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613905.3651064
Bertsch JAyyat MNadeem TGerling G(2024)NetworkTouch: A vibrotactile check-in device for cyberattack detection and monitoring2024 IEEE Haptics Symposium (HAPTICS)10.1109/HAPTICS59260.2024.10520845(341-346)Online publication date: 7-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/HAPTICS59260.2024.10520845
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

HapticAid: wearable haptic augmentation system for enhanced, enchanted and empathised haptic experiences
SA '16: SIGGRAPH ASIA 2016 Emerging Technologies

We present HapticAid, a wearable system that enhances haptic sensations. The system consists of a wearable skin vibration sensor that is placed at the middle phalanx of a finger, a processor that processes haptic information, and a wrist-worn haptic ...
Haptics in Virtual Reality and Multimedia

Imagine that you're chatting with a good friend who tells you about her new cashmere pullover, and that you're able to touch it and appreciate the soft sensation of the cashmere wool--remotely over the Web in your virtual chatroom! In this article, the ...
Harmonious Haptics: Enhanced Tactile Feedback Using a Mobile and a Wearable Device
CHI EA '15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Smartwatches now allow information to be conveniently accessed directly from the user's wrist. However, the smartwatches currently available in the market offer a limited number of applications. In this paper, we propose a new interaction technique ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

DIS '21: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference

June 2021

2082 pages

ISBN:9781450384766

DOI:10.1145/3461778

Editors:
Wendy Ju
Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute at Cornell Tech
,
Lora Oehlberg
University of Calgary
,
Sean Follmer
Stanford University
,
Sarah Fox
Carnegie Mellon University
,
Stacey Kuznetsov
Arizona State University

Copyright © 2021 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

SIGCHI: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 28 June 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Funding Sources

National Science Foundation

Conference

DIS '21

Sponsor:

SIGCHI

DIS '21: Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021

June 28 - July 2, 2021

Virtual Event, USA

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 1,158 of 4,684 submissions, 25%

Upcoming Conference

DIS '25

Sponsor:
sigchi

Designing Interactive Systems Conference

July 5 - 9, 2025

Funchal , Portugal

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

4
Total Citations
View Citations
1,001
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)318
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)40

Reflects downloads up to 28 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Takahashi ATanaka YTamhane AShen ATeng SLopes P(2024)Can a Smartwatch Move Your Fingers? Compact and Practical Electrical Muscle Stimulation in a SmartwatchProceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology10.1145/3654777.3676373(1-15)Online publication date: 13-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3654777.3676373
Paden JNarechania AEndert A(2024)BiasBuzz: Combining Visual Guidance with Haptic Feedback to Increase Awareness of Analytic Behavior during Visual Data AnalysisExtended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613905.3651064(1-7)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613905.3651064
Bertsch JAyyat MNadeem TGerling G(2024)NetworkTouch: A vibrotactile check-in device for cyberattack detection and monitoring2024 IEEE Haptics Symposium (HAPTICS)10.1109/HAPTICS59260.2024.10520845(341-346)Online publication date: 7-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/HAPTICS59260.2024.10520845
Zhou RSchwemler ZBaweja ASareen HHunt CLeithinger D(2023)TactorBots: A Haptic Design Toolkit for Out-of-lab Exploration of Emotional Robotic TouchProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3580799(1-19)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544548.3580799

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten