Abstract
Video watermarking technology has attracted increasing attention in the past few years, and a great deal of traditional and deep learning-based methods have been proposed. However, these existing methods usually suffer from the following two challenges: First, most algorithms cannot resist camcorder recording attack, which limits their practical application. Second, watermark embedding may cause substantial degradation of video quality. Through analyzing the unique distortions presented in the camcorder recording process, including geometric distortion, temporal sampling distortion, sensor distortion and processing distortion, this paper proposes a novel spatio-temporal context based adaptive camcorder recording watermarking scheme STACR. In STACR, considering the geometric distortion and video visual quality, we embed the watermark by constructing a spatio-temporal histogram and incorporate a content features based adaptive locating algorithm to select embedding blocks and embedding strengths. As for the temporal sampling attack, we put forward a watermark correlation-based synchronization algorithm and combine it with cross-validation. Moreover, to resist the sensor distortion, we design a local matching-based algorithm to improve the extraction accuracy. In addition, grouped and repeated embedding strategies are combined to cope with the processing distortion. Experimental results compared with the state-of-the-art show that the proposed scheme achieves high video quality and is robust to geometric attacks, compression, scaling, transcoding, recoding, frame rate changes and especially for camcorder recording.
- [1] . 2014. Imperceptible and robust blind video watermarking using chrominance embedding: A set of approaches in the DT CWT domain. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 9, 9 (2014), 1502–1517.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [2] . 2016. Robust DT CWT-based DIBR 3D video watermarking using chrominance embedding. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 18, 9 (2016), 1733–1748.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [3] . 2017. An overview of digital video watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 28, 9 (2017), 2131–2153.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [4] . 2020. Hiding images within images. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (2020), 1685–1697.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [5] . 2002. Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures. International Telecommunication Union (2002).Google Scholar
- [6] . 2016. PiCode: A new picture-embedding 2D barcode. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 25, 8 (2016), 3444–3458.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [7] . 2018. RA code: A robust and aesthetic code for resolution-constrained applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 28, 11 (2018), 3300–3312.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [8] . 2010. A blind MPEG-2 video watermarking robust to camcorder recording. Signal Processing 90, 4 (2010), 1327–1332.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [9] . 2008. Digital video watermarking based on histogram and temporal modulation and robust to camcorder recording. In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology. IEEE, 330–335.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [10] . 2004. Security pitfalls of frame-by-frame approaches to video watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 52, 10 (2004), 2955–2964.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [11] . 2021. A robust discrete wavelet transform based adaptive watermarking scheme in YCbCr color space against camcorder recording in cinema/movie theatres. Engineered Science 15 (2021), 116–128.Google Scholar
- [12] . 2019. Screen-shooting resilient watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 14, 6 (2019), 1403–1418.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [13] . 2009. Digital image forensics. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 26, 2 (2009), 26–37.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [14] . 2002. Color plane interpolation using alternating projections. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 11, 9 (2002), 997–1013.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [15] . 2001. Histogram preserving image transformations. International Journal of Computer Vision 45, 1 (2001), 5–23.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [16] . 1999. Spread spectrum watermarking: Malicious attacks and counterattacks. In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, Vol. 3657. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 147–158.Google Scholar
- [17] . 2000. Robust frame-dependent video watermarking. In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, Vol. 3971. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 186–197.Google Scholar
- [18] . 2021. Adaptive flexible 3D histogram watermarking. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME). IEEE, 1–6.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [19] . 2017. Practical watermarking method estimating watermarked region from recaptured videos on smartphone. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems 100, 1 (2017), 24–32.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [20] . 2011. A MPEG2 video watermarking algorithm based on DCT domain. In 2011 Workshop on Digital Media and Digital Content Management. IEEE, 194–197.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [21] . 2006. Image fingerprinting scheme for print-and-capture model. In Proc. Pacific-Rim Conf. Multimedia. Springer, 106–113.Google Scholar
- [22] . 1999. Image processing with complex wavelets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 357, 1760 (1999), 2543–2560.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [23] . 2005. Human Vision. http://cnx.org/content/m11084/latest/.Google Scholar
- [24] . 2000. Watermarking digital image and video data. A state-of-the-art overview. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 17, 5 (2000), 20–46.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [25] . 2015. AN H. 264/AVC HDTV watermarking algorithm robust to camcorder recording. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 26 (2015), 1–8.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [26] . 2015. Real-time screen-camera communication behind any scene. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. ACM, 197–211.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [27] . 2011. Toward a two-dimensional barcode with visual information using perceptual shaping watermarking in mobile applications. Optical Engineering 50, 1 (2011), 017002.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [28] . 2021. Camcording-resistant forensic watermarking fallback system using secondary watermark signal. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 31, 9 (2021), 3403–3416. Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [29] . 1999. Computing the probability of false watermark detection. In International Workshop on Information Hiding. Springer, 146–158.Google Scholar
- [30] . 2016. High-rate flicker-free screen-camera communication with spatially adaptive embedding. In IEEE INFOCOM 2016-The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 1–9.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [31] . 1998. Color and luminance information in natural scenes. JOSA A 15, 3 (1998), 563–569.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [32] . 2013. A robust QR-Code video watermarking scheme based on SVD and DWT composite domain. In 2013 International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Informatics and Mobile Engineering. IEEE, 251–257.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [33] . 2015. CamMark: Analyzing, modeling, and simulating artifacts in camcorder copies. ACM Trans. Multim. Comput. Commun. Appl. 11 (2015), 42:1–42:23.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [34] . 2013. Geometrically resilient digital image watermarking by using interest point extraction and extended pilot signals. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 8, 12 (2013), 1897–1908.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [35] . 2012. Overview of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 22, 12 (2012), 1649–1668.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [36] . 2020. StegaStamp: Invisible hyperlinks in physical photographs. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [37] . 2000. Generalized watermarking attack based on watermark estimation and perceptual remodulation. In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, Vol. 3971. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 358–370.Google Scholar
- [38] . 2009. A blind MPEG-2 video watermarking robust to regular geometric attacks. In 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Open-Source Software for Scientific Computation (OSSC). IEEE, 169–171.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [39] . 1993. Visually optimal DCT quantization matrices for individual images. In [Proceedings] DCC93: Data Compression Conference. IEEE, 178–187.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- [40] . 2008. Invariant image watermarking based on statistical features in the low-frequency domain. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 18, 6 (2008), 777–790.Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [41] . 2010. A robust video watermarking algorithm based on sliding window for AVS. In 6th International Conference on Digital Content, Multimedia Technology and its Applications. IEEE, 7–10.Google Scholar
- [42] . 2018. HiDDeN: Hiding data with deep networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV).Google Scholar
Digital Library
- [43] . 2015. Robust histogram shape-based method for image watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 25, 5 (2015), 717–729.Google Scholar
Digital Library
Index Terms
Spatio-Temporal Context Based Adaptive Camcorder Recording Watermarking
Recommendations
AN H.264/AVC HDTV watermarking algorithm robust to camcorder recording
A high-definition video watermarking algorithm that is robust to camcorder recording is proposed.The robustness and invisibility of the method are improved compared to traditional methods.We increase the detecting accuracy compared to traditional ...
Video Watermarking Based on Spatio-temporal JND Profile
Digital WatermarkingAs digital multimedia become easier to copy, exchange and modify, digital watermarking is becoming more and more important for protecting the authenticity of multimedia. The most important properties of digital watermarking techniques are robustness, ...
Fast communication: A blind MPEG-2 video watermarking robust to camcorder recording
Based on the observation that low-frequency DCT coefficients of an image are less affected by geometric processings, we propose a new blind MPEG-2 video watermarking algorithm robust to camcorder recording. The mean of the low-frequency DCT coefficients ...






Comments