Harold B. Westlund
ABSTRACT
Appearance standards for gloss, haze, and goniochromatic color are applied to computer graphic reflection models. Correspondences are derived between both the gloss and haze standards and the specular exponent of the Phong model, the surface roughness of the Ward model, and the surface roughness of the Cook-Torrance model. Metallic and pearlescent colors are rendered using three aspecular measurements defined in a proposed standard for goniochromatic color. The reflection models for gloss and goniochromatic color are combined to synthesize pictures of clear coated automotive paint. Advantages of using appearance standards to select reflection model parameters include the small number of required measurements and the inexpensive commercially available instruments necessary to acquire the data. The use of a standard appearance scale also provides a more intuitive way of selecting the reflection model parameters and a reflection model independent method of specifying appearance.
- 1.David H. Alman. Directional color measurement of metallic flake finishes. In Proceedings of the ISCC Williamsburg Conference on Appearance, pages 53-56, 1987.Google Scholar
- 2.Annual Book of ASTM Standards, volume 06.01. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1999.Google Scholar
- 3.ASTM D 4039-93, Standard Test Method for Reflection Haze of High-Gloss Surfaces. Volume 06.01 of Annual Book of ASTM Standards {2}, 1999.Google Scholar
- 4.ASTM D 523-89, Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss. Volume 06.01 of Annual Book of ASTM Standards {2}, 1999.Google Scholar
- 5.ASTM E 284-99a, Standard Terminology of Appearance. Volume 06.01 of Annual Book of ASTM Standards {2}, 1999.Google Scholar
- 6.ASTM E 430-97, Standard Test Methods for measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Goniophotometry. Volume 06.01 of Annual Book of ASTM Standards {2}, 1999.Google Scholar
- 7.Association Internationale de la Colour (AIC). Mondial Couleur 85, Proceeding of the 5th Congress of The International Color Association, Paris, France, 1985.Google Scholar
- 8.Gorow Baba. Gonio-spectrophotometric analysis of pearlmica paint. Die Farbe, 37:99-110, 1990.Google Scholar
- 9.Roy S. Berns. Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 3rd edition, 2000.Google Scholar
- 10.Robert Besold. Metallic effect - characterization, parameter and methods for instrumentally determination. Die Farbe, 37:79-85, 1990.Google Scholar
- 11.Tony Bridgeman. The reflection of metallic paints. In Association Internationale de la Colour {7}. Article No. 5.Google Scholar
- 12.Gunter Buxbaum, editor. Industrial Inorganic Pigments. Weinheim, New York, 1993.Google Scholar
- 13.Colorimetry. Commission Internationale de L'eclairage, 2nd edition, 1986. Publication 15.2.Google Scholar
- 14.Robert L. Cook and Kenneth E. Torrance. A reflectance model for computer graphics. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 1:7- 24, 1982. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 15.Ronald Cools, Dirk Laurie, and Luc Pluym. Cub-pack++. software: Numerical cubature class li-brary. ftp://ftp.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/NumAnal-ApplMath/ Cubpack/all.tar.gz, Accessed November 10, 2000.Google Scholar
- 16.Ronald Cools, Dirk Laurie, and Luc Pluym. Cubpack++. http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/ nines/research/cubpack/, Accessed November 10, 2000.Google Scholar
- 17.Ronald Cools, Dirk Laurie, and Luc Pluym. Algorithm 764: Cubpack++ - a C++ package for automatic two-dimensional cubature. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 23:1-15, 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 18.Ronald Cools, Dirk Laurie, and Luc Pluym. A user manual for Cubpack++. Technical Report TW 255, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Computer Science, Leuven, Belgium, 1997. Version 1.1.Google Scholar
- 19.Klaus-Dieter Franz. High luster mica pigments for automotive coatings. In Association Internationale de la Colour {7}. Article 70.Google Scholar
- 20.Franz Hofmeister. Colourimetric evaluation of pearlescent pigments. In Association Internationale de la Colour {7}. Article 74.Google Scholar
- 21.Richard S. Hunter. Methods of determining gloss. Journal of Research, NBS, 17:77, 281, 1937. NBS Research Paper, RP 958.Google Scholar
- 22.Richard S. Hunter and Richard W. Harold. The Measurement of Appearance. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, second edition, 1987.Google Scholar
- 23.Richard S. Hunter and Dean B. Judd. Development of a method of classifying paints according to gloss. ASTM Bulletin, (97):11, March 1939.Google Scholar
- 24.James T. Kajiya. The rendering equation. In Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, pages 143-150. ACM SIGGRAPH, 1986. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 25.Greg Ward Larson and Rob Shakespeare. Rendering with Radiance. The Art and Science of Lighting Visualization. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., San Francisco, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 26.Gregory J. Ward Larson. Measuring and modeling anisotropic reflection. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92), 26(2):265-272, July 1992. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 27.Robert Lewis. Making shaders more physically plausible. Fourth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, pages 47-62, June 1993.Google Scholar
- 28.C. S. McCamy. Observation and measurement of appearance of metallic materials. part I. macro appearance. Color Research and Application, 21(4), 1996.Google Scholar
- 29.Gary W. Meyer. Computer aided color appearance design. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Color in Graphics and Image Processing, 2000.Google Scholar
- 30.F. E. Nicodemus, J. C. Richmond, J. J. Hsia, I. W. Ginsberg, and T. Limperis. Geometric considerations and nomenclature for reflectance. Technical Report MN-160, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, October 1977.Google Scholar
- 31.ASTM Committee E-12 on Appearance of Materials. ASTM standards on color and appearance measurement. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, sixth edition, 1996.Google Scholar
- 32.Fabio Pellacini, James A. Ferwerda, and Donald P. Greenberg. Toward a psychophysically-based light reflection model for image synthesis. In Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, pages 55-64. ACM SIGGRAPH, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 33.Bui-T. Phong. Illumination for computer generated pictures. Communications of the ACM, 18(6):311-317, June 1975. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 34.Allan B. J. Rodrigues. Color vision in instrumental color matching. 16th International Conference in Organic Coatings, 1990.Google Scholar
- 35.Allan B. J. Rodrigues. Measurement of metallic and pearlescent colors. Die Farbe, 37:65-78, 1990.Google Scholar
- 36.Allan B. J. Rodrigues. Color and appearance measurement of metallic and pearlescent finishes. ASTM Standardization News, 23(10):68-72, 1995.Google Scholar
- 37.Allan B. J. Rodrigues and Larry E. Steenhoek. Astm e-12.12: Measurement of metallic and pearlescent colors. Die Farbe, 42(4/6):151-158, 1996.Google Scholar
- 38.Gerhard Rosler. Multigeometry color measurements of effect surfaces. Die Farbe, 37:111-121, 1990.Google Scholar
- 39.H. J. A. Saris, R.J.B. Gottenbos, and H. van Houwelingen. Correlation between visual and instrumental colour differences of metallic paint films. Color Research and Application, 15(4), 1990.Google Scholar
- 40.Peter Shirley, Helen Hu, Brian Smits, and Eric P. Lafortune. A practitioners' assessment of light reflection models. Pacific Graphics '97, October 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 41.Atsushi Takagi, Hitoshi Takaoka, Tetsuya Oshima, and Yoshinori Ogata. Accurate rendering technique based on colorimetric conception. In Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, pages 263-272. ACM SIGGRAPH, 1990. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 42.William H. Venable. A model for interpreting three-angle measurements of flake finishes. In Proceedings of the ISCC Williamsburg Conference on Appearance, pages 57-60, 1987.Google Scholar
Index Terms
Applying appearance standards to light reflection models
Recommendations
A fast relighting engine for interactive cinematic lighting design
SIGGRAPH '00: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniquesWe present new techniques for interactive cinematic lighting design of complex scenes that use procedural shaders. Deep-framebuffers are used to store the geometric and optical information of the visible surfaces of an image. The geometric information ...
Full Wave Modelling of Light Propagation and Reflection
The propagation and reflection of electromagnetic waves in a three-dimensional environment is simulated, and realistic images are produced using the resulting light distributions and reflectance functions. A finite difference time domain method is ...
Comments