Abstract
Perceptual factors that affect monocular, transparent (a.k.a "see-thru") head-mounted displays include binocular rivalry, visual interference, and depth of focus. We report the results of an experiment designed to evaluate the effects of these factors on user performance in a table look-up task. Two backgrounds were used. A dynamic moving background was provided by a large screen TV and an untidy bookshelf was used to provide a complex static background. With the TV background large effects were found attributable to both rivalry and visual interference. These two effects were roughly additive. Smaller effects were found with the bookshelf. In conclusion we suggest that monocular transparent HMDs may be unsuitable for use in visually dynamic environments. However when backgrounds are relatively static, having a transparent display may be preferable to having an opaque display.
- Alais, D. and Blake, R. 1999. Grouping visual features during binocular rivalry. Vis. Res., 4341--4353.Google Scholar
- Blackwood, W. O., Anderson, T. R., Bennett, C. T., Corson, J. R., Endsley, M. R., Hancock, P. A., Hochberg, J., Hoffman, J. E., and Kruk, R. V. 1997. Tactical displays for soldiers: Human factors considerations. Panel on Human Factors in the Design of Tactical Display Systems for the Individual Soldier (panel chair Blackwood), National Research Council, National Academy Press, Chapter 4.Google Scholar
- Blake, R. 2000. What can be "perceived" in the absence of visual awareness? Available at http://www.psy.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/blake/CDRiv/.Google Scholar
- Blake, R., Westendorf, D., and Fox, R. 1990. Temporal perturbations of binocular rivalry. Percept. Psychophys. 48, 6, 593--602.Google Scholar
- Breese, B. B. 1899. On inhibition. Psychol. Monograph 3, 1--65.Google Scholar
- Collins, J. F. and Blackwell, L. K. 1974. Effects of eye dominance and retinal distance on binocular rivalry. Percept. Motor Skills 39, 747--754.Google Scholar
- Ellerbrock, V. J. and Loran, D. F. C. 1995. Limited occlusion and hyperphoria. Am. J. Optom. 38, 359--369.Google Scholar
- Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Hollerer, T., and Webster, A. 1997. A touring machine: Prototyping 3D mobile augmented reality systems for exploring the urban environment. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC 97), 13--14. Google Scholar
- Harrison, B. L. and Vicente, K. J. 1996. An experimental evaluation of transparent menu usage. In Proceedings of CHI 96 (April), 391--398. Google Scholar
- Harrison, B. L., Ishii, H., Vicente, K. J., and Buxton, W. A. S. 1995. Transparent layered user interfaces: An evaluation of a display design to enhance focused and divided attention. In Proceedings of CHI 95 (May), 317--324. Google Scholar
- Laramee, R. S. and Ware, C. 2001. Visual interference with a head mounted display. In Proceedings of CHI 2001 (April), Extended Abstracts, 323--324. Google Scholar
- Lee, S.-H. and Blake, R. 1999. Rival ideas about binocular rivalry. Vis. Res., 1447--1454.Google Scholar
- Leigh, R. J. and Zee, D. S. 1983. Eye-head coordination. Neurol. Eye Movements 70, 109--124.Google Scholar
- Mazumder, S., Drury, C. G., and Helander, M. G. 1997. Binocular rivalry as an aid in visual inspection. Hum. Factors 39, 4, 642--650.Google Scholar
- Meenes, M. 1930. A phenomenological description of retinal rivalry. Am. J. Psychol. 42, 260--269.Google Scholar
- Mon-Williams, M., Wann, J. P., and Rushton, S. 1993. Binocular vision in a virtual world:Visual deficits following the wearing of a head-mounted display. Opthalm. Physiolog. Optics 13, 3, 387--391.Google Scholar
- Morphew, G. R. 1985. Transcript of open forum session. In Aircraft Attitude Awareness Workshop Proceedings (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH), G. B. McNaughton, Ed., Flight Dynamics Laboratory.Google Scholar
- Ockerman, J. J. and Pritchett, A. R. 1998. Preliminary investigation of wearable computers for task guidance in aircraft inspection. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC, Calif., Oct.), 33. Google Scholar
- Peli, E. 1990. Visual issues in the used of a head mounted monocular display. Opt. Eng. 29, 883--892.Google Scholar
- Peli, E. 1998. The visual effects of head mounted display (HMD) are not distinguishable from those of the desk-top computer display. Vis. Res. 38, 2053--2066.Google Scholar
- Peli, E. 1999. Optometric and perceptual issues with head-mounted display (HMD). In Optical Design for Visual Instrumentation, P. Mouroulis, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
- Rolland, J. P., Biocca, F. A., Barlow, T., and Kancherla, A. 1995. Quantification of adaptation to virtual eye location in see-thru head-mounted displays. In Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual Symposium, 56--66. Google Scholar
- Roscoe, S. N. 1993. The eyes prefer real images. In Pictorial Communication in Virtual and Real Environments, S. R. Ellis, M. K. Kaiser, and A. J. Grunwald, Eds, Taylor and Francis, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
- Rosenfield, M. and Ciuffreda, K. J. 1994. Cognitive demand and transient nearwork-induced myopia. Optom. Vis. Sci. 71, 381--385.Google Scholar
- Rush, C. E., Verona, R. W., and Crowley, J. S. 1990. Human factors and safety considerations of night vision systems flight using thermal imaging systems. Tech. Rep. 90-10, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
- Sethi, B. 1986. Heterophoria: A vergence adaptive position. Opthalm. Physiol. Optics 6, 151--156.Google Scholar
- Sohmiya, T. and Sohmiya, K. 1986. Periodicity of strength of pattern in binocular rivalry. Percept. Motor Skills 62, 943--950.Google Scholar
- Starner, T., Mann, S., Rhodes, J., Levine, J., Healey, D., and Picard, R. 1997. Augmented reality through wearable computing. In Presence 6, 386--398.Google Scholar
- Sunkpho, J., Jr., J. H. G., Smailagic, A., and Siewiorek, D. P. 1998. Mia: A wearable computer for bridge inspectors. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC, Calif. Oct.), 160--167. Google Scholar
- Systems, I. D. 2001. i-glasses. Available at , http://www.i-glasses.com/.Google Scholar
- Thomas, B., Demczuk, V., Piekarski, W., Hepworth, D., and Gunther, B. 1998. A wearable computer system with augmented reality to support terrestrial navigation. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC Calif. Oct.), 168. Google Scholar
- Uemura, T., Aral, Y., and Shimazaki. 1980. Eye-head coordination during lateral gaze in normal subjects. Acta Otololaryngology, 90--91.Google Scholar
- Wolfe, J. M. 1984. Reversing ocular dominance and suppression in a single flash. Vis. Res. 24, 471--478.Google Scholar
Index Terms
Rivalry and interference with a head-mounted display
Recommendations
Towards Indistinguishable Augmented Reality: A Survey on Optical See-through Head-mounted Displays
Invited TutorialAdding virtual information that is indistinguishable from reality has been a long-awaited goal in Augmented Reality (AR). While already demonstrated in the 1960s, only recently have Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays (OST-HMDs) seen a reemergence,...
Head-mounted display with mid-air tactile feedback
VRST '15: Proceedings of the 21st ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and TechnologyVirtual and physical worlds are merging. Currently users of head-mounted displays cannot have unobtrusive tactile feedback while touching virtual objects. We present a mid-air tactile feedback system for head-mounted displays. Our prototype uses the ...
Wearable head-mounted 3D tactile display application scenarios
MobileHCI '16: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services AdjunctCurrent generation virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) usually include no or only a single vibration motor for haptic feedback and do not use it for guidance. In a previous work, we presented HapticHead, a ...
Reviews
D.C. Charles Hair
Laramee describes empirical research investigating the effects of certain perceptual factors on the performance of users of monocular, transparent, head-mounted displays (HMDs). HMDs are receiving increased usage as a means of providing high-resolution displays with minimal inconvenience to the user. One particular area of interest is the use of HMDs to provide information relating to the real world. There are two basic distinctions between types of HMDs. They can be either monocular or binocular. The displays can also be opaque, meaning that the user cannot see a real-world background, or transparent. The experiments described in this paper measured the ability of subjects to respond to questions relating to the virtual displays they could see with the HMDs. The real-world background consisted of either a static, untidy bookshelf, or of a movie shown on a television monitor. Conditions were varied, in order to test for the effects of binocular rivalry, depth of focus, and visual interference. As expected, the results showed a greater effect related to the dynamic background. The effect was attributable to both rivalry and visual interference. The results suggest that HMDs are not suitable for use in visually dynamic environments. The paper is well written and informative. It concludes with some interesting ideas for future research on HMDs. There is also a good list of references. Online Computing Reviews Service
Access critical reviews of Computing literature here
Become a reviewer for Computing Reviews.
Comments