skip to main content
10.1145/863955.863974acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagescommConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Article
Free access

On selfish routing in internet-like environments

Published: 25 August 2003 Publication History
  • Get Citation Alerts
  • Abstract

    A recent trend in routing research is to avoid inefficiencies in network-level routing by allowing hosts to either choose routes themselves (e.g., source routing) or use overlay routing networks (e.g., Detour or RON). Such approaches result in selfish routing, because routing decisions are no longer based on system-wide criteria but are instead designed to optimize host-based or overlay-based metrics. A series of theoretical results showing that selfish routing can result in suboptimal system behavior have cast doubts on this approach. In this paper, we use a game-theoretic approach to investigate the performance of selfish routing in Internet-like environments. We focus on intra-domain network environments and use realistic topologies and traffic demands in our simulations. We show that in contrast to theoretical worst cases, selfish routing achieves close to optimal average latency in such environments. However, such performance benefit comes at the expense of significantly increased congestion on certain links. Moreover, the adaptive nature of selfish overlays can significantly reduce the effectiveness of traffic engineering by making network traffic less predictable.

    References

    [1]
    R. K. Ahuja, T. L. Magnanti, and J. B. Orlin. Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1993.
    [2]
    A. Akella, S. Seshan, R. Karp, and S. Shenker. Selfish behavior and stability of the Internet: A game-theoretic analysis of TCP. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM '02, Pittsburgh, PA, Aug. 2002.
    [3]
    E. Altman, R. E. Azouzi, and A. Vyacheslav. Non-cooperative routing in loss networks. In Proceedings of Performance '02, Rome, Italy, Sept. 2002.
    [4]
    E. Altman, T. Boulogne, R. E. Azouzi, and T. Jimenez. A survey on networking games. Telecommunication Systems, Nov. 2000.
    [5]
    D. G. Andersen, H. Balakrishnan, M. F. Kaashoek, and R. Morris. Resilient overlay networks. In Proceedings of SOSP '01, Banff, Canada, Oct. 2001.
    [6]
    D. O. Awduche. MPLS and traffic engineering in IP networks. IEEE Communication Magazine, pages 42--47, Dec. 1999.
    [7]
    T. Boulogne, E. Altman, O. Pourtallier, and H. Kameda. Mixed equilibrium for multiclass routing games. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 47(6):903--916, Jun. 2002.
    [8]
    I. Castineyra, N. Chiappa, and M. Steenstrup. The Nimrod Routing Architecture, RFC 1992, Aug. 1996.
    [9]
    A. Chen, D.-H. Lee, and R. Javakrishnan. Computational study of state-of-the-art path-based traffic assignment algorithms. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, pages 509--518, 2002.
    [10]
    A. Collins. The Detour framework for packet rerouting. PhD Qualifying Examination, Nov. 1998.
    [11]
    M. Faloutsos, P. Faloutsos, and C. Faloutsos. On power-law relationships of the Internet topology. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM '99, Cambridge, MA, Aug. 1999.
    [12]
    A. Feldmann, A. Greenberg, C. Lund, N. Reingold, and J. Rexford. Deriving traffic demands for operational IP networks: Methodology and experience. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Jun. 2001.
    [13]
    M. Florian and D. Hearn. Network Routing, chapter 6, Network equilibrium models and algorithms. Elsevier Science, 1995.
    [14]
    B. Fortz, J. Rexford, and M. Thorup. Traffic engineering with traditional IP routing protocols. IEEE Comm. Magazine, Oct. 2002.
    [15]
    B. Fortz and M. Thorup. Internet traffic engineering by optimizing OSPF weights. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '00, Tel Aviv, Israel, Mar. 2000.
    [16]
    E. Friedman. Selfish routing on data networks isn't too bad: Genericity, TCP, and OSPF. Working paper. Available from http://www.orie.cornell.edu/~friedman/papers.html, Oct. 2002.
    [17]
    L. Gao. On inferring autonomous system relationships in the Internet. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 9(6), Dec. 2001.
    [18]
    D. Gross and C. Harris. Fundamentals of Queueing Theory. John Wiley, 3rd edition, 1998.
    [19]
    C. M. Harris, P. H. Brill, and M. J. Fischer. Internet-type queues with power-tailed interarrival times and computational methods for their analysis. INFORMS Journal on Computing, pages 261--271, 2000.
    [20]
    S. Iyer, S. Bhattacharyya, N. Taft, and C. Diot. An approach to alleviate link overload as observed on an IP backbone. In Proccedings of IEEE INFOCOM '03, San Francisco, CA, Apr. 2003.
    [21]
    Y. A. Korilis, A. A. Lazar, and A. Orda. Architecting noncooperative networks. IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, 13(7):1241--1251, Sept. 1995.
    [22]
    E. Koutsoupias and C. Papadimitriou. Worst-case equilibria. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, pages 404--413, 1999.
    [23]
    J. B. Krawczyk and S. Berridge. Relaxation algorithms in finding Nash equilibria. In Computational Economics from Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL, Jul. 1997.
    [24]
    lp_solve. ftp://ftp.ics.ele.tue.nl/pub/lp_solve/.
    [25]
    A. Medina, A. Lakhina, I. Matta, and J. Byers. BRITE: Boston University representative Internet topology generator. Available from http://www.cs.bu.edu/brite.
    [26]
    Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS). http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/mpls-charter.html.
    [27]
    The network simulator: ns-2. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
    [28]
    Open shortest path first (OSPF). http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ospf-charter.html.
    [29]
    M. Patriksson. Algorithms for computing traffic equilibria. In Networks and Spatial Economics. 2003. http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~mipat/LATEX/NSE.ps.
    [30]
    T. Roughgarden. Selfish Routing. PhD thesis, Cornell University, May 2002.
    [31]
    T. Roughgarden and E. Tardos. How bad is selfish routing? Journal of ACM, 49(2):236--259, 2002.
    [32]
    S. Savage, T. Anderson, A. Aggarwal, D. Becker, N. Cardwell, A. Collins, E. Hoffman, J. Snell, A. Vahdat, G. Voelker, and J. Zahorjan. Detour: a case for informed Internet routing and transport. In IEEE Micro, volume 19(1), pages 50--59, Jan. 1999.
    [33]
    S. Savage, A. Collins, E. Hoffman, J. Snell, and T. Anderson. The end-to-end effects of Internet path selection. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM '99, pages 289--299, Cambridge, MA, Aug. 1999.
    [34]
    Y. Sheffi. Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis with Mathematical Programming Methods. Prentice-Hall, 1985.
    [35]
    S. Shenker. Making greedy work in networks: A game-theoretic analysis of switch service discipline. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 3, 1995.
    [36]
    N. Spring, R. Mahajan, and D. Wetherall. Measuring ISP topologies with Rocketfuel. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM '02, Pittsburgh, PA, Aug. 2002.
    [37]
    J. W. Stewart. BGP4: Inter-Domain Routing in the Internet. Addison Wesley, 1998.
    [38]
    L. Subrmanian, S. Agarwal, J. Rexford, and R. Katz. Characterizing the Internet hierarchy from multiple vantage points. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '02, New York, NY, June 2002.
    [39]
    H. Tangmunarunkit, R. Govindan, S. Jamin, S. Shenker, and W. Willinger. Network topology generators: Degree-based vs. structural. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM '02, Pittsburgh, PA, Aug. 2002.
    [40]
    H. Tangmunarunkit, R. Govindan, S. Shenker, and D. Estrin. The impact of routing policy on Internet paths. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '01, Anchorage, AK, Apr. 2001.
    [41]
    S. Uryas'ev and R. Y. Rubinstein. On relaxation algorithms in computation of noncooperative equilibria. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 39(6):1263--1267, Jun. 1995.
    [42]
    X. Xiao, A. Hannan, B. Bailey, and L. Ni. Traffic engineering with MPLS in the Internet. IEEE Network Magazine, Mar. 2000.
    [43]
    E. Zegura, M. Ammar, Z. Fei, and S. Bhattacharjee. Application-layer anycasting: A server selection architecture and use in a replicated web service. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 8(4), Aug. 2000.
    [44]
    Y. Zhang, M. Roughan, N. Duffield, and A. Greenberg. Fast accurate computation of large-scale IP traffic matrices from link loads. In Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS '03, Jun. 2003.

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)Effectiveness of distributed stateless network server selection under strict latency constraintsComputer Networks10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110558(110558)Online publication date: Jun-2024
    • (2021)An axiomatic perspective on the performance effects of end-host path selectionPerformance Evaluation10.1016/j.peva.2021.102233151(102233)Online publication date: Nov-2021
    • (2020)MoWIEProceedings of the Workshop on Network Application Integration/CoDesign10.1145/3405672.3409489(20-27)Online publication date: 14-Aug-2020
    • Show More Cited By

    Index Terms

    1. On selfish routing in internet-like environments

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image ACM Conferences
        SIGCOMM '03: Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
        August 2003
        432 pages
        ISBN:1581137354
        DOI:10.1145/863955
        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

        Sponsors

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        Published: 25 August 2003

        Permissions

        Request permissions for this article.

        Check for updates

        Author Tags

        1. game theory
        2. optimization
        3. overlay
        4. relaxation
        5. selfish routing
        6. traffic engineering
        7. traffic equilibrium

        Qualifiers

        • Article

        Conference

        SIGCOMM03
        Sponsor:

        Acceptance Rates

        SIGCOMM '03 Paper Acceptance Rate 34 of 319 submissions, 11%;
        Overall Acceptance Rate 554 of 3,547 submissions, 16%

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • Downloads (Last 12 months)75
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)12

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        Cited By

        View all
        • (2024)Effectiveness of distributed stateless network server selection under strict latency constraintsComputer Networks10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110558(110558)Online publication date: Jun-2024
        • (2021)An axiomatic perspective on the performance effects of end-host path selectionPerformance Evaluation10.1016/j.peva.2021.102233151(102233)Online publication date: Nov-2021
        • (2020)MoWIEProceedings of the Workshop on Network Application Integration/CoDesign10.1145/3405672.3409489(20-27)Online publication date: 14-Aug-2020
        • (2020)Incentivizing stable path selection in future Internet architecturesPerformance Evaluation10.1016/j.peva.2020.102137144(102137)Online publication date: Dec-2020
        • (2020)The Value of Information in Selfish RoutingStructural Information and Communication Complexity10.1007/978-3-030-54921-3_21(366-384)Online publication date: 28-Jul-2020
        • (2019)Deep reinforcement learning-based cooperative interactions among heterogeneous vehicular networksApplied Soft Computing10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105557(105557)Online publication date: Jun-2019
        • (2018)Mitigating the Oscillations Between Service Routing and SDN Traffic EngineeringIEEE Systems Journal10.1109/JSYST.2018.280589812:4(3426-3437)Online publication date: Dec-2018
        • (2018)A survey and comparison on overlay‐underlay mapping techniques in peer‐to‐peer overlay networksInternational Journal of Communication Systems10.1002/dac.387232:3Online publication date: 21-Dec-2018
        • (2017)Shortcuts through colocation facilitiesProceedings of the 2017 Internet Measurement Conference10.1145/3131365.3131388(470-476)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2017
        • (2016)An Approach to Improve the Cooperation between Heterogeneous SDN Overlays2016 IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)10.1109/LCN.2016.51(236-239)Online publication date: Nov-2016
        • Show More Cited By

        View Options

        View options

        PDF

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader

        Get Access

        Login options

        Media

        Figures

        Other

        Tables

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media