“Can you be with that feeling?”: Extending Design Strategies for Interoceptive Awareness for the Context of Mental Health

Awareness of internal sensations, or interoceptive awareness (IA) is a topic of interest spanning multiple disciplines. In psychology, several therapeutic frameworks which cultivate IA have emerged. Meanwhile, HCI designers have developed novel approaches to IA across diverse contexts and design goals. These HCI strategies may hold value for mental health, however, it’s unclear to what degree designerly IA techniques match or contrast with those used in therapeutic settings. We seek to address this gap in two parts. First, we offer a set of design opportunities based on IA practices used in HCI and findings from interviews with 22 counselors. Second, we share context-specific insights from a 5-week probe study involving 24 young women with nonclinical disordered eating behaviors, which are linked to interoceptive deficits. Together, the design opportunities and probe study findings provide guidance and highlight open questions regarding the design of technology-mediated IA support for mental health.


INTRODUCTION
Interoception, or the perception of sensations from inside the body [103], is important for the maintenance of physical and mental health [35,61].Interoceptive awareness (IA) describes the subjective experience of these sensations on a conscious level [85].This adaptive form of sensation awareness is a core element of mindfulness, mind-body, and body-based therapies [38,85,105], areas which have received increased research interest in recent years.Likewise, we have seen a shift in orientations to the body within design research, in what has been dubbed HCI's somatic turn [50,113].
This nascent body-centricity within the feld has prompted numerous HCI projects focusing on IA cultivation in a range of contexts and design goals.Many position IA as an end in itself, making use of biofeedback [22,44,69,72,93], haptics [37,60,82], and wearable technology [56] through which "users can come to better understand the connections between their physical and emotional experiences" [56].Alternatively, IA serves as a generative tool during the design process, particularly in projects with a soma design orientation [22,50,54,55,73,81,83,84,110,114].
Meanwhile, given its role in mental health, there has been a growing body of psychology literature operationalizing IA in therapeutic contexts.For example, Mindful Awareness and Body-Oriented Therapy (MABT) is a body-based framework which trains IA by improving body literacy, cultivating mindful attention, and modulating responses to sensations [103].Alternative approaches incorporate IA into talk therapy [43,63,66,67,98] or into the treatment of conditions such as trauma-related issues [67,98] and disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) [125,129,131], which are commonplace among young women [107].
Despite disciplinary diferences, there is a notable overlap in the non-dualist sentiment of HCI and psychology work focused on cultivating IA.The novel approaches to honing this skill presented in HCI, both during the design process and embedded within technology systems, have the potential to be directly applied into digital mental health interventions, but the extent to which this transfer is possible is not yet fully understood.As such our frst research question asked: (RQ1) What are the design opportunities for technology-mediated IA support based on relevant strategies from therapeutic practice and HCI?
To investigate this, Phase 1 of this work (Figure 1) explored how existing therapeutic IA techniques align (or misalign) with those used in design research.After reviewing manifestations of IA in HCI literature, we conducted an interview study with 22 counselors experienced in incorporating IA into their work with clients.Specifcally, our answer to RQ1 took the form of seven design opportunities, each based on a combination of empirical interview data and HCI literature.
Phase 2 aimed to provide a frst exploration of the plausibility of these opportunities, when instantiated through design exemplars and presented to a population associated with interoceptive defcits.As such, our second research question asked: (RQ2) How do young women with nonclinical DEBs respond to IA design exemplars -in the form of probes -and what can this tell us about the plausibility of the design opportunities identifed in Phase 1?
To this end, we designed, developed, and deployed four IA probes in a 5-week study with a community of 24 young women with nonclinical DEBs.Elaborating on our Phase 1 design opportunities, our Phase 2 fndings emphasize the need for context-awareness and personalization when designing for IA in the context of mental health.Additionally, our results suggest that technology-mediated IA holds unique potential for creative sensation articulation, expanding on what is achievable via the predominantly verbal and pen-and-paper methods typically used in therapeutic or design research settings.

RELATED WORK 2.1 Interoceptive awareness and its role in mental health
Interoception is a growing area of interest across several disciplines due to its role in the maintenance of physical and mental health [40,61,85,90,99].In particular, the subjective experience of internal body signals, often referred to as interoceptive awareness, is considered transdiagnostic across an array of psychological conditions [35,45,85,103].This implies that interventions focused on enhancing IA have the potential to address a range of mental health concerns, particularly those associated with impaired emotion processing such as trauma [98] and DEBs [10,131].
In the case of trauma, defcits in IA may come in the form of bodily dissociation, often as a means of coping with prolonged anxiety, stress, or dysregulation in the autonomic nervous system [35,98], stemming from stressors ranging from adverse childhood experiences and systemic factors to weight stigma [124] and racial discrimination [34].In the context of disordered eating, interoceptive defcits can be described as the inability to both identify and accept sensation [64,86], with some individuals intentionally severing their connection with physical hunger and satiety cues [5,20,64,68,86,100].In many cases, this type of dietary restraint exists in the context of body dissatisfaction, however, the muting of hunger sensations can also occur as a means of coping with food insecurity [47].Over time, this can lead to a reduction in one's ability to eat intuitively (in response to physical hunger) [5,20,68,86,131,132] and in the case of dissociation can lead to an inability to recognize and regulate emotions [34].Given that interoceptive defcits are observed across a variety of mental health conditions, there has been a rise in therapeutic modalities that train this skill and even the emergence of some digital psychoeducational interventions [118].We aim to build on this work by presenting novel ways in which technology can support IA beyond dyadic teaching by learning from therapeutic strategies and from practices used and developed by HCI researchers.

Interoceptive awareness interventions
Several therapeutic frameworks incorporating IA have emerged in recent years.One such example is Intuitive Eating (IE), a treatment model for nonclinical DEBs which has gained both clinical and research attention over the past two decades [9].IE is weight-neutral and aims to support individuals in developing a connection with internal physiological hunger and satiety cues [129,131].Common components of IE include mindful eating, identifying levels and sensations of hunger and fullness, and responding to hunger with an "unconditional permission to eat" [13,18,19,59,95].While IE can be adapted for those experiencing food insecurity [129], it should be acknowledged that it primarily addresses body-image related disordered eating.Alternatively, Somatic Experiencing (SE) is a trauma-focused form of talk-therapy wherein a client's attention is directed towards neutral sensations, introducing "new corrective interoceptive experiences that physically contradict those of overwhelm and helplessness" [98] and fostering a sense of bodily safety [67].In IE and SE, interoceptive awareness is just one component of a larger framework with its own set of motivations and treatment outcomes.However as mentioned earlier, MABT is a body-based framework which treats IA as the main intervention target [103].It has primarily been employed in populations with substance use disorders, but has shown secondary efects of improving DEBs within these groups [102,104].MABT's three-pronged strategy provides insight into the facets of operationalized IA.Sessions focus on improving body literacy, mindful attention of sensation, and fostering the capacity to select appropriate responses (reappraisal).
A common thread between all three of these models is their efort to scafold noticing sensation (noticing neutral sensations in SE, mindful eating in IE, and mindful attention in MABT), articulating sensation (therapist communication in SE, identifying levels and sensations of hunger in IE, and body literacy in MABT) and interpreting sensation (sensations as safe in SE, sensations as cues to eat in IE, and reappraisal in MABT).We recognize that there are social-emotional elements of therapy which cannot be digitally replicated and our intention is not to oversimplify these models, but instead to understand the sets of experiences that make up IA cultivation across mental health and HCI.As such, this model notice, articulate, interpret -will provide a foundation for us to explore how technology-mediated IA can complement in-person care or support individuals specifcally interested in improving this skill.

Approaches to supporting interoceptive awareness in HCI
During HCI's third wave, interoceptive awareness began to play a prominent role in many design projects, both as a generative tool and as a goal for technology systems [51,113].In these projects, designers have augmented and established techniques to help both participants and themselves cultivate IA.In doing so, they have potentially created strategies that could be relevant in the mental health contexts which have been discussed above.We are going to explore some of these techniques, looking at methods for noticing, articulating, and interpreting sensation (Figure 2).In many cases, the specifc intentions behind IA practices in HCI are fuzzy, however this review will serve as a reference as we discuss design opportunities for technology-mediated IA.There, we will establish a clear link between the practices implemented in these projects and how they can be augmented or repurposed for a mental health context.

Noticing sensation in HCI.
Noticing or becoming aware of sensation often plays a generative role in the design process, particularly in projects with a soma design orientation [22,50,54,55,73,81,110,114].This approach is characterized by an aesthetic appreciation of designers' and participants' somatic experiences and views them as a creative resource.In this context, some of the most common techniques for noticing sensation are body-focused meditation [4,56,80,94,110,127], physical touch [22,110], breath awareness [27,58,116,119,121], movement (yoga, feldenkrais, etc.) [4,27,56,58,71,73,119,121,127], and estrangement [56,71,126,137].For example, Wilde et al. [137] employed body props, making the physical experience of designers "strange" in order "to provoke new sensations and thus new imagined use of the technology".Vibrotactile, thermal or shape-changing stimuli have also been used to direct attention to the body [56,58,73,110,127,137,138].Soma bits [25] and Menarche bits [119] are two notable design toolkits used as resources to actualise sensations in-the-moment.There have been several projects in which the noticing of sensation has been restricted to the design area of interest, for example noticing the sensations associated with singing [27], urination [48], or menstruation [73,119] as a somatic, and often frst-person [27,48,119] approach to designing technology in these areas.
Aside from its role in the design process, scafolding sensation noticing has also been a system requirement for technologies which aim to support wellbeing or self-exploration.Actuated biofeedback environments [2,30,87], audiovisual exposure to biodata [4,37,69,72,93,117,134,135], and wearable devices [53,97] have all been developed to cultivate sensation awareness.For example, Núñez-Pacheco et al. [93] used colored lights as representations of heart rate in their Eloquent Robes installation, "externalising what is normally invisible", and promoting body refection.

Articulating sensation in HCI.
Moving beyond noticing, several design techniques exist to support verbal and non-verbal articulation of sensation.These include the use of tangible metaphors [28], trajectories [126], body mapping [8,22,25,27,56,57,80,94,119,121,127,138], verbal articulation (prompting) [27,53,73,94,110,135], and written refection [22,28,48,119].Helms [48] provides an example of written sensation refection where they recorded their own, frst-person urinary habits as a means of becoming more aware of the sensations, thoughts, and emotions arising from these intimate somatic experiences.Alternatively, Søndergaard et al. [73] encouraged participants to create body maps when designing menstrual technologies with adolescents, after movement and Menarche bits were used to to scafold sensation noticing.Body maps are a popular sensation articulation tool wherein body outlines are flled with, "drawings, scribblings and symbols emerging from the person's intuition, which are related to their personal experience" [57].Originally, these tools were used in the social sciences to enable HIV/AIDs positive South Africans to tell the stories of their bodies and to act as vehicles for advocacy [74,77,89].While they are typically used as a way to generate alternative forms of qualitative data, these metaphorical body representations have also been used in HCI and elsewhere as powerful tools for making meaning of sensation [8,16,17,23,31,46,75].

Interpretation of sensation in HCI.
HCI projects primarily focus on noticing and articulating sensations rather than interpretation, a justifable emphasis given the goals in HCI are typically grounded in design versus healing and intervention.Scafolding the interpretation of sensation, such as relating a growling stomach to hunger, is challenging, particularly when engaging cohorts characterized by interoceptive defcits.Nonetheless, some HCI projects with a focus on wellbeing have scafolded sensation interpretation in both explicit and subtle ways.By including a body map feature in a multiple sclerosis management application, Ayobi et al. [8] enabled users to efectively plan their self-care based on their physical symptoms.There are also more subtle methods to help individuals interpret sensations in the context of their health, such as false biofeedback [26,88,142] and value-laden metaphorical representations of biosignals [6,69,120,140].For example, Yu et al. [140] used the healthy growth of a virtual tree triggered by the user's heart rate, juxtaposed against its withering counterpart, to help users reduce stress.These types of virtual "awards" subtly hint at a "correct" regulatory state.

STUDY 1: INTERVIEWS WITH COUNSELORS
In Study 1, we sought perspectives from professionals with formal training and experience in Intuitive Eating and/or Somatic Experiencing.Our goal was to understand their strategies for helping clients to notice, articulate and interpret sensation.To address RQ1, our aim was to understand how these strategies compare with those in HCI and the contexts in which they are employed.We included IE and SE counselors to explore interoceptive awareness practices across diverse care approaches, attempting to avoid a context-dependent understanding of IA training from within a specifc framework.Drawing from therapeutic contexts to inform design is an established practice in HCI [65,94,112], as is using care-providers as a proxies in vulnerable contexts [3,65,70,112].However, we acknowledge that such accounts are limited.In an efort to make ourselves aware of the lived challenges of those with DEBs, we conducted a Qualitative Content Analysis [115] of the r/inutiveeating subreddit, the results of which we will not formally present in this paper, but can be found in Appendix 3 along with the subreddit wiki (Appendix 6) and rules (Appendix 7) at the time of writing.

Participants and Procedure
Before recruitment, a minimal risk ethics application was submitted to and approved by our university.Participants were recruited from the Intuitive Eating Counselor Directory, Somatic Experiencing Association and Somatic Experiencing International.22 individuals participated voluntarily, with the majority (n=19) having clinical credentials, while a few (n=3) were nonclinical coaches.For simplicity, we refer to all of them as counselors.They practice in the UK (n=5), USA (n=7), Ireland (n=2), and Canada (n=6).90% of the participants were female (n=20) and 10% were male (n=2).Please refer to Appendix 1 for more participant information.Semi-structured interviews, lasting approximately 1 hour, were conducted in August and September 2022 via Microsoft Teams.Transcripts were generated with Microsoft Stream and manually validated against the original recording.High-level themes for the interviews were New clients, Self-led practice, Interoception in everyday life, Virtual practice, and Challenges.Refer to Appendix 2 for the full interview guide.

Data Analysis
We conducted a Refexive Thematic Analysis (TA) [21] due to its fexibility, enabling the combination of inductive coding with an HCI/intervention perspective to theme development.Our approach to coding was informed by critical-realism/contextualism, striving to convey the meaning intended by our expert participants, with a recognition that they were describing their own subjective reality.The TA was conducted on a semi-rolling basis, commencing after a substantial portion of the interviews had been completed.MAXQDA software was used for analysis, which followed an 8-step process detailed in Appendix 4. It was primarily conducted by Author 1 and supported by Authors 2 and 3. Author 1 was responsible for coding the dataset.Authors 1-3 collaborated on mapping codes into themes and developing theme defnitions.

Results
In total, four themes were developed based on our counselor interviews: Working with beginners, Components of practice, Reminders and rituals, and Reasons to practice.Within these four themes, we've highlighted (in bold) the IA practices identifed by our counselors for noticing sensation, articulating sensation, and interpreting sensation.A summary of these practices can be seen in Figure 3. Counselors will be referred to as CX.

Working with beginners.
A majority of the counselors expressed that new clients fnd IA challenging and emphasized the need to simplify practice.Some suggested that their "homework like 9 times out of 10 is noticing" (C7), encouraging clients both during and between sessions to practice mindful, in-the-moment noticing without any other agenda.They might ask them "Can you be with that feeling?For just a little bit?I'm not asking you to change it.I'm asking you to just sit there and notice it." (C22) Even before noticing, counselors evoke tangible or familiar sensations, for example they might "practice feeling our heart rate" (C16) or ask a new client to "make a fst with their hand, really tight, and asking them what that feels like." (C19).Alternatively, they may call to mind familiar experiences of responding to sensations, "I often use the intuitive peeing example.So I talk about how peeing is a very physiological, very internal process where your body does pretty much all of the work.You just have to feel what your body is telling you and respond to it without your brain kind of interrupting."(C14).

Components of practice.
Strategies to operationalize IA fell into three broad categories: verbal, mindful attention, and exteroception/movement.Counselors typically employ a combination of these techniques, but many (C1, C7, C8, C9, C11, C15, C16, C19, C22) took care to mention, no matter what their approach, it will be embedded with "lots of compassion" (C7), encouraging clients to be "the compassionate observer of our own experience" (C1) and as a foundation that "your body is part of your team" (C9).Approaching IA with self-compassion is particularly important when working with individuals with DEBs to ensure healthy interpretation of sensation.
Verbal sensation articulation is a form of IA practice that is often dyadic and aims to facilitate efective identifcation and communication of one's subjective bodily experiences.Typically, this will come in the form of asking clients to put a "label on that feeling" (C11).Counselors may ask questions like "So how are you feeling today as you come into session?What would you describe it as?" (C12) or to articulate physical characteristics of sensation, asking "Is there a shape?Is there a texture?Is there a temperature?"(C21).
Half of the counselors (C1, C4, C8, C11-13, C16, C18, C20-22) mentioned mindfulness of the body as a key component to IA practice.They encourage clients to "feel into it and breathe into it and sit with" (C19) discomfort.Many make use of a "guided bodyscan" (C12, C21-22) or when DEBs are present a "hunger body-scan" (C11, C13), wherein the body is the object of meditation.
Finally, counselors use exteroception and movement to support interoceptive noticing.Some use physical touch and may ask a client to "press your hand on your chest [...] while you're breathing" (C7).Several underscored the utility of movement for improving capacity for IA.C12 explained how doing walking sessions works particularly well with teen clients: "Nothing gets them talking quicker than when we're moving." C12 might ask them, "How does your body feel now that we're, you know, 20 minutes in?" and they'll say, for example, "Oh, you know I'm feeling a little bit loose or I'm feeling hot, like I'm sweaty".C12 assures them (and us) "Great, that's body awareness too".

Reminders and rituals.
IA practice is timed via either a planned ritual, akin to a routine, or an intrinsic reminder, where a sensation or mind-state serves as a cue to practice.C13, a dietitian trained in IE suggested that IA can be done as a "daily practice or at meal times and [. . .] it doesn't just have to be hunger and fullness, anything to kind of help them tap into that body awareness".Over time, the goal is to develop a more intuitive sense of the body, so building an in-situ noticing routine is important.C19 suggests, "We're not going to do that just once, but asking them to do it every night before bed.[...] It's not a switch that we fick and then you're good to go and suddenly you can tune into all of these cues and signals your body is sending".Some counselors suggest incorporating IA into routine activities, like mealtimes, mornings or bedtime.C12 said it can be as simple as "sitting down with the cofee and getting that initial, like 'How am I doing this morning?'".
When IA becomes more second-nature, uncomfortable sensations themselves can be reminders to "locate where that feeling is and then sustain that awareness" (C19).Eventually, clients can use these moments to reappraise.When discussing a successful client, C12 said, "They're able to take that beat.Take that pause.They trust themselves.They're not trying to please me, they're not trying to please their anxiety.They're trying to say hey, in this moment I need to breathe.I need to do a quick body-scan and assess.".

Reasons to practice.
The noted benefts-of and motivationsto practice IA are important for understanding how sensations should be interpreted.These "reasons" fell into two broad categories: agency and safety.Counselors eluded to agency in the form of liberating one's self from a "colonialist and capitalist society" (C7) or "diet culture" (C3, C8, C9, C15, C16, C18, C19, C21) where "we're taught to not trust our hunger" (C11).This notion of trusting sensation is important for clients who struggle with DEBs.However, others referred to agency over one's own internal forces, suggesting if clients familiarize themselves with their sensations, they may start to notice how somatic experiences relate to emotions, "I know that as soon as my abdomen gets tight, that I'm really gonna get really angry." (C22).
Counselors emphasized that IA can also help clients for whom "their bodies aren't safe places" (C7) to tolerate distress.They help them to "drop in to the felt experience" (C22) as a coping strategy, often encouraging clients to "notice how those feelings change more than anything" (C17).Metaphors for dissipation or changing sensations were common, reminding clients "just like a wave, it'll reach its peak" (C8).This notion is operationalized for DEBs by focusing on the dissipation of fullness, where counselors ask clients to rate their fullness over time, "[Notice] how full you are and then every half hour rate it again [...] and ride that wave of discomfort until OK, it's gone."(C14).Alternatively, counselors recommend shifting attention to less activated parts of the body to fnd a sense of calm, for example C22 asks clients, "Is there a part in your body that feels safe right now? [...] Like, can we tap into that for a minute?".

DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES
Grounded in the interviews with our counselors and HCI literature, we present design opportunities for technology-mediated IA support (RQ1).They guide technology designers interested in IA for mental health and those employing IA in diferent contexts, ofering insights into the potential value of their research techniques in mental health.As we describe these opportunities, we will compare and contrast designerly and therapeutic techniques for scafolding the noticing, articulating, and interpreting of sensation (see Figure 4) and in doing so, provide a justifcation for each opportunity.

Scafolding noticing of sensation
4.1.1Familiar and strange.Many of our counselors advocated for the evocation of familiar sensations ("intuitive peeing" -C14) as an approach to introducing IA to new clients.At frst glace, the design strategy of "making strange" may appear paradoxical to this approach, but the goal of estrangement is not disembodiment, rather it aims to "draw attention towards subtle sensations and create a richer understanding of the experience" [56].In fact, many projects that employ estrangement aspire to (re)explore the ordinary [71,137].While noticing familiar, emotionally neutral sensations could introduce IA, estrangement may hold promise for re-introducing challenging sensations such as fullness for those with DEBs.
4.1.2Noticing reminders and routines.Counselors strongly advocate for the integration of IA into clients' daily lives (bedtime, morning cofee, etc.), insisting it "has to be a consistent practice" (C7), a sentiment supported by habit formation research [39,62].While counselors and designers use physical movement (walks, feldenkrais, yoga, etc.) as an opportunity to notice sensation, IA practice in daily life has been less explored in HCI with the exception of some longer-term, frst-person investigations [27,48,108] and intervention studies [8].There is an opportunity for technology to scafold routine, but somatically visceral, experiences as occasions to mindfully notice sensation.
Conversely, counselors also mentioned the incorporation of IA practice in-the-moment, in response to discomfort.Wearables [37,97], haptics [53] and actuated environments [30,87] driven by biodata have been explored in service of bringing sensory awareness into the daily lives of people.While these avenues do present interesting opportunities, when designing for mental health, we should also think about how we can leverage more accessible technologies for situated, just-in-time interventions, as have been explored outside of IA [29,91,106].An analogous opportunity exists to support mindful noticing of sensations, irrespective of whether prompts are triggered by biodata or other cues.

Summary of opportunities to scafold noticing sensation:
• Opportunity 1: "Making strange" as a means to (re)introduce challenging sensations in new ways • Opportunity 2: Technology which imbues everyday activities with interoceptive awareness • Opportunity 3: Designing for "just-in-time" interoceptive awareness interventions

Scafolding articulating sensation
4.2.1 Creative articulation.Both counselors and designers consider metaphor a valuable tool for articulating and communicating sensation.However, counselors primarily rely on verbal techniques -"Does it have a certain shape?Does it have a certain size?Does it have edges?Is it a color?" (C7).HCI designers go a step further, using arts-based techniques such as tangible everyday objects [28] and body maps [8,22,25,27,56,57,80,119,121,127,138] as tools to express sensory experience.These may be particularly useful as an alternative to dialogue for individuals from Western backgrounds, who generally exhibit less inclination towards somatic language in day-to-day life compared to those from other parts of the world [76].Body maps have been explored as therapeutic interventions in other disciplines [16,24,75,111,133] and given designers' familiarity with such tools, investigating the potential of technology to enhance the creative articulation of sensations for mental health holds promise.
4.2.2Body journaling.While counselors encourage clients to "evaluate hunger and fullness" (C16) levels at mealtimes, there was limited insight ofered into how clients should articulate their sensations between sessions.Writing about sensation or "body journaling, " a technique employed in several frst-person design projects [48,53,119], as well as when engaging participants [22,28], serves as a way to render sensations fnite and tangible.The practice of labelling afective feelings can act as a foundation for refectingon and making-sense-of sensations and has been shown to have standalone emotion regulation benefts [128].Given that it can be performed independently, digital or analog body journals may be especially useful for individuals facing limited access to care.
Summary of opportunities to scafold articulating sensation: • The counselors almost unanimously highlighted the signifcance of introducing IA in a "gentle way with a lot of self-compassion" (C19), a perspective corroborated by research suggesting the potentially arduous body relationships that their clients likely experience [32,33,64,101].In this vein, there is an opportunity for individuals to use body maps to fnd safe places or pleasant sensations in the body, mirroring the methods of our counselors.Even more importantly, body mapping , perhaps in combination with biodata, could be used as a tool to scafold the interpretation of sensations' origins, whether emotional, physical, etc.However, considering the similar interoceptive footprint of some emotions (ex: anger and love) [92], defnitively assessing the "reason" for sensations may be inaccurate if done programmatically, but could be explored in partnership with a mental health professional.

4.3.2
Working with the uncomfortable.Navigating discomfort constitutes a cornerstone of our counselors' work.They use metaphor to help clients build bodily trust, illustrating the ephemeral nature of discomfort -"just like a wave, it'll reach its peak" (C8).Within HCI, several systems have been designed using virtual nature metaphors that adapt in accordance with biosignals [69,109,140].There have also been design projects which explore the association between metaphor and sensation [28,110].Designers can expand on both of these approaches in service of mental health by investigating how they can support users in crafting their own transformative metaphors.In contrast, HCI projects have also obscured biosignals through false biofeedback, facilitating down-regulation [26,88].While there is value in these approaches, an alternative avenue could instead explore how technology can support individuals in coping with genuine, albeit possibly uncomfortable, sensations, highlighting their natural subsidence and fostering bodily trust.
Summary of opportunities to scafold interpreting sensation: • Opportunity 6: Body maps for identifying "safe" sensations and correlating sensations with emotions/physical needs • Opportunity 7: Technology to scafold challenging sensations and highlight discomfort's dissipation to foster bodily trust

DEVELOPING INTEROCEPTIVE AWARENESS PROBES
Having established a set of design opportunities for IA in the context of mental health, we wanted to explore their plausibility within a relevant population (RQ2).To achieve this, we chose to develop four probes, each intended to serve as a design exemplar for 2-3 of the design opportunities (Figure 5).Technology probes, which have been previously used to provide similar theory-driven questioning [7,96], aim to "combine the social science goal of collecting information about the use and the users of the technology in a real-world setting, the engineering goal of feld-testing the technology, and the design goal of inspiring users and designers to think of new kinds of technology to support their needs and desires." [52].
In alignment with the technology probes ethos, we needed our IA probes to be able to to collect data about their own usage.Additionally, we wanted them to allow for on-the-fy iteration based on participant feedback (see Section 5.4).Given these needs and the ubiquity of mobile devices in individuals' daily lives, we chose a web-based approach.We developed the probes by augmenting the Qualtrics survey platform with custom Javascript and CSS along with the use of Miro.This was a useful way to quickly get functionality that mirrored a custom-built, mobile-friendly web application with an out-of-the-box back-end for data storage and analysis.For detailed images of all probes, please refer to Figure 6.

Probe 1: Mini daily IA practice
To better understand IA reminders and routines, we wanted to develop a daily IA probe to address the question, "How do individuals ft IA practice within the context of their daily lives?" (Opportunity 3).The practice itself was inspired by previous work in HCI which combines sensation noticing followed by articulation using body maps [22,27,56,80,121].In doing so, we explored the use of body maps as a means to correlate sensations with emotions (Opportunity 6).The probe took form as a 2-minute IA mini-practice starting with a brief mindfulness video followed by a refection exercise using body maps and other input.

Probe 2: Visual metaphors for sensation
We hoped to explore creative articulation of sensation (Opportunity 4) through photos and images, as an alternative to the verbal, pen-and-paper [8,22,25,27,56,57,80,119,121,127,138], and tangible object-based [28] methods previously discussed.Using photos for describing experience is an established practice in both HCI [130] and mental health [122] and given the wealth of images available online, we wanted to explore this as a method for articulating sensation, addressing the question "What types of images do participants use to describe sensation?".Additionally, we were interested in how the participants described their sensation-image associations (Opportunity 5).Our probe, which each participant completed multiple times, invited them to select one or more emotions and sensations (a list was provided for inspiration), upload an illustrative photo, and write why they made the association on a custom Miro board.

Probe 3: Refective mindful eating
In our third probe, we wanted to combine some degree of estrangement with our counselors' approach of integrating IA into daily activities (Opportunity 2) to explore the impact of "making strange" the eating experience (Opportunity 1).Our mindful eating probe was loosely inspired by previous work in HCI emphasising the sensory aspects of eating [42], as well as the practices of our counselors.It had seven stages, each featuring a brief mindfulness video centered on a single facet of the eating experience, followed by refection questions about food, bodily sensations, and satisfaction.The step-wise fow, coupled with periodic sensation articulation using text or body maps, "made strange" the experience of eating.Through this process, we wanted to answer two questions "How do individuals respond when the experience and sensations of eating are made strange?" and "How do individuals respond when an ordinary, but sensorially rich activity (eating) is re-framed as IA practice?".

Probe 4: Audio-enabled body mapping
Our fourth probe combined several of the goals of the previous probes, but was also developed iteratively based on group input.We intended to develop a probe which could imbue an everyday activity with IA (Opportunity 2), so we asked our participants to share a signifcant somatic aspect of their daily lives.The participants overwhelmingly agreed music was inherently linked to sensation.Similar to Probe 3, we wanted to address the question "How do individuals respond when an ordinary, but sensorially rich activity (music) is re-framed as IA practice?".The frst step of the activity was to select and listen to joyful and melancholy songs.To facilitate our participants in articulating (Opportunity 4) and interpreting (Opportunity 6) sensations elicited by the music, we developed digital body maps which combined visual metaphor (Probe 2), labelling (Probes 1 and 3), and drawing (Probe 1).This enabled us to explore the question "How do individuals appropriate body maps when using them for IA practice?".

Summary of design questions to address with probes:
(1) How do individuals ft IA practice within the context of their daily lives?(2) What types of images do participants use to describe sensation?(3) How do individuals respond when the experience and sensations of eating are made strange?
(4) How do individuals respond when an ordinary, but sensorially rich activity (music/eating) is re-framed as IA practice?(5) How do individuals appropriate body maps when using them for IA practice?

STUDY 2: INTEROCEPTIVE AWARENESS PROBE DEPLOYMENT
In order to address the design questions embedded within our probes, we engaged 24 female participants who desired improved body relationships and some of whom struggle with nonclinical DEBs, in a 5-week asynchronous remote community (ARC).An ARC is likened to "a web-based focus group, but with additional activities often used in design research" [78].As such, ARCs are adaptable to diferent types of design activities, which in our case were based around our probes.

Participants and procedure
24 participants were recruited through our university's research mailing list after receiving low-risk ethics approval.They were included if they provided formal consent, identifed as female, were between 18-30 years old, had no history of clinical eating disorder (ED), wanted to improve their relationship with food and/or body, and scored less than 20 on the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26).
The EAT-26 provides an overall ED risk score, where total scores of 20 or above are considered to be in the clinical range [41].The mean of the EAT-26 scores was 7 and the median was 5.5, suggesting the presence of low-level, nonclinical DEBs among our participants.Individuals who expressed interest, but had an EAT-26 score of 20 or more were signposted to ED support resources.All participants were UK residents.22 of the participants were either undergraduate or postgraduate students at our university, 1 was a member of staf, and 1 worked outside of the university.For their ages and each participant's reason for joining the group, please refer to Appendix 5. We designed a fve-week ARC study during which we deployed our four probes.The frst week focused on allowing the participants to introduce themselves and get comfortable with the group, as well as introducing IA.Each following week had 3 parts: the probe activity (posted to Slack on Fridays), weekly prompts (posted to Slack on Mondays), and a weekly group check-in call (via Microsoft Teams on Thursdays).Two ARCs (n=10, n=14) ran in parallel over Slack during May and June 2023.Participants were assigned to groups based on their preference for morning or evening weekly group check-in calls.At the end of the study, participants were also asked to complete a short feedback survey.They were paid via bank transfer based on level of engagement, receiving up to £10 per week.

Data Analysis
Authors 1 and 2 met weekly throughout the study to discuss participant feedback, both from Slack discussions and within the probe submissions.Before meeting, these data were open-coded and during the sessions, themes were generated deductively with regards to the relevant design question(s).If further clarifcation was needed from participants, queries were brought to the group check-in calls.After the study ended, an additional inductive analysis was conducted on all Slack messages and check-in transcripts in aggregate.Author 1 used an axial coding approach to derive insights relevant to the design questions that cut across multiple probes.In addition to these qualitative methods, probe usage data was also used to shape our fndings.

Results
We start by presenting our fndings structured as responses our fve design questions.These fndings ofer insights into how our participants responded our probe-based design exemplars using qualitative and probe usage data (RQ2).Section 6.3.6 then steps back to review participant feedback for the probes and the study design.Participants will be referred to as PX.
Question 1: How do individuals ft IA practice within the context of their daily lives?6.3.1 Both scheduled reminders and just-in-time.Many of the participants used mobile-phone reminders to schedule the practices throughout the fve weeks, such as an "everyday reminder on my calendar" (P21) because, as P15 put it, "I initially tried to remember to do the practice in my head but that failed".However, participants highlighted that if practice is pre-scheduled, it may lack the same impact as having it readily available in your "back pocket if [you] really need it in the moment" (P12) or as a "little checkpoint to make in the day" (P19) at a time when you have the capacity and may stand to beneft the most.
These varying approaches to scheduling were refected in the daily usage data for Probe 1 (Figure 7).Monday-Thursday saw the most usage with an average of 14 participants completing the practice on these days.Meanwhile, an average of 8 participants completed the practice on Friday-Sunday.The time of practice fuctuated from Monday to Thursday but consistently skewed toward later in the day on Fridays through Sundays, with no practice completed before 9 a.m, suggesting that capacity to practice may difer on the weekend.Question 2: What types of images do participants use to describe sensation?6.3.2Types of visual metaphors used to represent sensation.Participants stressed the signifcance of imagery in both articulating and interpreting sensations, telling us that "The usage of visual metaphors allows the abstract to become physical and hence can be understood better."(P19).When for Probe 2, they were asked to select visual representations for sensation, the responses fell into four broad categories: Literal, Nature, Personal, or Abstract (Figure 8).The most common (n=17) images were literal representations, directly conveying the cause of a sensation or emotion, "I think some people will maybe describe it through an image, they'll use something more metaphorical, whereas for some people it's literal.That is literally how I am feeling."(P17).Nature images refecting sensations were also popular (n=14).P1 described the ocean photo that she shared, "It made me feel calm and gave me those sensations of feeling calm and fowing".Personal images were less common (n=10), with some participants suggesting the group setting "made the images I picked more generic" (P3).Finally, the least common (n=9) type of images shared were abstract, symbolic, or conceptual representations of a sensation/emotion, which may be a result of difculty searching for these types of photos.Given its role in the perception of emotions and their associated physical states [143], language and culture likely infuenced the images selected to represent sensations and emotions among participants (ex: "I have a knot in my throat").
Question 3: How do individuals respond when the experience and sensations of eating are made strange?6.3.3Strange and satisfying sensations of eating.Prior research has highlighted the positive impact of mindful eating on the sense of satisfaction from food, particularly for those with DEBs [49,136].This was refected in the data from Probe 3 (Figure 9) and the feedback shared by participants who not only mentioned "how much better the experience of eating was" (P8), but also how it made them notice their satiety, "From my past experience I didn't actually get any feeling from the food, [...] the only sense of satisfaction is when I got really full, like overfull.[...] But for me [ mindful eating] actually makes me feel the food and it forced me to slow down because I have to pay attention to food.And this is something I never did before and it was amazing."(P9).
The step-wise fow of Probe 3, one of the elements of strangeness, made some participants uncomfortable, "I think the stop and start felt a bit disjointed to me and I struggled to immerse myself."(P12).However, P5 noted that this discomfort helped her notice an urgency she felt around food, "I think I really did need the the stopping and starting to feel the frustration, and to be like oh why am I so frustrated by this?".Nonetheless, for some individuals, making the eating experience strange was challenging and awkward, particularly in social settings, "I found it really uncomfortable and bizarre.[...] I'm always with people so I just felt like I was being watched and it was really unnatural."(P16).Considering the cultural diversity in attitudes toward solitary dining [11,36,139], such  practices might not align well with individuals from cultures or familial backgrounds that prioritize commensality.Question 4: How do individuals respond when an ordinary, but sensorially rich activity (music/eating) is re-framed as IA practice?6.3.4Sensation made meaningful with music.While Probe 3 focused on eating, Probe 4 explored music as a routine, easily accessible, and sensorially rich experience which could be embedded with IA practice.It emerged as a powerful medium for creating tangible sensations, "It's almost like my mind hadn't processed it yet but my body somehow had" (P8).P6 described how "It makes the hairs on the back of your neck stand up literally without you thinking about it".Many found that with music, articulating sensation "came a lot more naturally" (P12) and that it made "the body labelling really easy to do" (P11).Choosing their own music made the practice more impactful, " I found it quite personal.[...] I found that this way of choosing a song to ft those emotions really made me feel them a lot stronger." (P11).Several participants agreed with this notion that "listening to your own music is way more personal" (P13) and there was a general sense that many would agree with P17 when she said, "I think this was my favourite practise of the whole study as music feels personal rather than generic music you'd listen to in a meditative video.So, when listening to it you can easily connect to it." Question 5: How do individuals appropriate body maps when using them for IA practice?6.3.5 Elaborating body mapping to foster varied forms of expression.For the Probe 4 body maps, participants were provided with multiple ways to express sensation, including text, images, stickers, and free-hand drawing.This variety was well-received, with almost all body maps incorporating at least two diferent mediums (Figure 10).Participants valued the creative freedom, noting they liked "associating more abstract images/concepts to the body, rather than just using words" (P6) and also liked "the use of stickers, nature images, and words all together as I felt that really helped me capture my experience" (P12).Several participants mentioned their preference for sketching, so the absence of sketches in the Probe 4 body maps perhaps implies that this feature was obfuscated.They expressed a desire to "paint/draw using the colours we associated emotion with" (P8), "create scribbles to represent the negative sensations" (P24), and "just scribble and just be like this is where I feel it." (P2).Several commented on their novelty and liked "trying all of the new methods and techniques -most of these I haven't done before!" (P11).They found these new experiences to be "thought-provoking" (P1), hinting at the utility of novelty as a catalyst for fostering new perspectives.Several suggested that the group was a convenient justifcation for slowing down, saying it allowed for "paying more attention to my body, and being forced to slow down", which is particularly important given that "in our very busy lives we forget to stop and check in with ourselves" (P24).Embedded in these comments was a sense that the study gave them permission to focus on themselves.Concerning the impact on body relationships, several participants referenced the utility of the probes for engendering a sense of body connection that helped them "feel more in tune with your body" (P17) and "to connect to ourselves better" (P19).This feedback is particularly encouraging considering the probes were designed with a focus on mental health.
In section 6.3.5 addressing design question 5, we highlighted technical limitations of the probes, namely obscured features.Some participants encountered technology challenges, commenting that, for example, instead of Miro, "perhaps a diferent platform would be easier to use" (P24).Augmenting existing technology had its trade-ofs, but this approach allowed for rapid development and iteration of our low-fdelity probes, which proved useful given the generative nature of this work.
Regarding the study format, many participants valued the ARC's fexibility, "I appreciated how it was not too strenuous on my schedule or too time consuming, it was very manageable" (P12).This accessibility was inspired by insights from our counselors, who stressed the importance of integrating IA practices into clients' daily routines.Participants generally expressed comfort in sharing within the group, "I loved the prompts as it allowed me to open up and share my experiences with other people" (P1).Previous fndings [78] from other ARC studies support the idea that fostering mutual support within the group contributes to this sense of safety.To promote such an environment, we encouraged participants to engage with each other through comments and to always have their cameras on during group calls.

DISCUSSION
By investigating interoceptive awareness practices in both design and therapeutic contexts, we aimed to identify opportunities for technology-mediated IA support (RQ1).First, we drew inspiration from therapeutic modalities, including Intuitive Eating, Somatic Experiencing, and Mindful Awareness and Body-Oriented Therapy to categorize IA practices into three distinct facets: noticing, articulating, and interpreting sensation.Then, through interviews with 22 IE and SE counselors, we learned about the practical manifestations of each of these facets.We saw that in many cases, counselors' techniques mirrored those employed in HCI, highlighting the potential for technology to support IA using methods drawn from both disciplines.While body-based, somatic, and IA-focused therapeutic techniques have inspired previous work in HCI [56,93,94], to our knowledge, our design opportunities are the frst time that strategies used by practitioners have been combined with related design techniques for mental health contexts.
Inspired by the original technology probes [52] and previous ARCs [15,78,79], we developed our second study to contextualize the plausibility of the design opportunities within a relevant population (RQ2).After designing 4 probes, grounded theoretically and empirically in 2-3 of the proposed opportunities, we learned from 24 young women in a convenient format which was integrated into their daily lives and where probes could be completed on their own devices.The accessible nature of the study, as well as the probes themselves, found inspiration in the experience and perspectives shared by our counselors, who emphasized the value of integrating IA practices into the everyday routines of their clients.With the added context from the probe study, we will now revisit the design opportunities and highlight relevant implications and, as yet, open questions (in bold) for HCI designers interested in exploring technology-mediated IA (RQ2).

Revisiting the design opportunities: notice, articulate, interpret
Summary of the design opportunities: (1) "Making strange" to (re)introduce challenging sensations (2) Technology to imbue everyday activities with IA (3) "Just-in-time" IA interventions (4) Technology to support creative articulation of sensations (5) IA-oriented digital or analog body journals (6) Body maps to identify "safe" sensations and correlate sensations with emotions/physical needs (7) Scafold challenging sensations and highlight discomfort's dissipation 7.1.1Scafolding noticing sensation.Counselors recommend integrating sensation noticing into daily life and our probe study fndings indicate that participants have a willingness to engage with reminders and just-in-time support.Given the embedded nature of sensor-enabled wearable technology, it presents an interesting avenue for just-in-time IA support, particularly in cases where biosignals are used as cues to practice IA, a strategy which has previously been applied in stress interventions [141] (Opportunity 3).In the case of reminders, allowing users to create their own event-based queues, as demonstrated in other contexts [123], may too be suitable for IA interventions.This approach may be particularly useful if the trigger event also happens to be sensorially rich, such as eating or listening to music (Opportunity 2).The fndings from our probe study are also consistent with literature that suggests cues should be adaptable and context-aware [14,91], especially in highlighting participant priority variations throughout the week.
Our counselors evoke the familiar as a way to teach IA and with prior research indicating the potential advantages of mindful eating for individuals with DEBs [49,136], we were interested in exploring this as a medium for estrangement, a strategy seen in previous HCI work [71,137].The mixed feedback for this probe underscores the dual nature of "making strange" in a mental health context.It has the capacity to generate insight, but also holds the potential to trigger unhelpful discomfort.As such, there is an open question as to the factors which contribute to the impact of estrangement in mental health contexts (Opportunity 1).
7.1.2Scafolding articulating sensation.Counselors and designers use a variety of methods for articulating sensation including both verbal and visual metaphors [8,22,25,27,56,57,80,119,121,127,138] and written sensation refection [48,53,119].Findings from the probe study suggests that looking forward, technology for IA could expand upon traditional pen-and-paper articulation strategies to accommodate various modes of expression (Opportunity 5).Notably, body mapping in virtual reality presents an interesting opportunity, with UK-based design agency Hatsumi actively exploring this avenue [1], however the scalability and accessibility of screen-based devices make them attractive candidates for IA support in mental health contexts (Opportunity 4).

Scafolding interpreting sensation.
Arts-based methods, such as body maps, hold the potential to function as conduits, helping individuals to interpret their sensations [8,16,17,23,31,46,75].Our participants enjoyed completing body maps while listening to personally meaningful music, which made sensations more resonant.In this way, personal music may be particularly valuable when helping individuals identify pleasant or safe sensations, echoing methods used by our counselors (Opportunity 6).However with regards to sensation interpretation, we did not explore IA practice during uncomfortable moments.Virtual metaphors for dissipation may be a useful avenue to explore, perhaps in accordance with biosignals, as has been done in previous HCI work [69,109,140] (Opportunity 7).

Revisiting interoceptive awareness in HCI
Just as our design opportunities emphasize the transferability of HCI strategies to the context of mental health, the therapeutic strategies we've outlined may likewise be re-imagined for design contexts [65,94,112].For example, several of our counselors encourage clients to actively notice sensations throughout their daily lives.This practice is reminiscent of several frst-person investigations in HCI where designers deeply engage with otherwise routine somatic experiences [48,119].Enabling participants in HCI projects to engage with sensations in their daily lives, outside of the research setting, may result in insights that are only available in a lived context.For example, developing methods for participants to practice IA during their day-to-day activities, such as work, movement, or mealtimes, could elicit observations relevant to designing in these domains.We invite HCI researchers to explore how all counselor strategies for noticing, articulating, and interpreting sensation may be useful for their design projects.

Limitations and Future Work
One of the primary limitations of this work relates to our participant scope.While there are numerous therapeutic frameworks which integrate IA practices and target various conditions, our interviews included only IE and SE counselors.Insights from additional treatment approaches could ofer a broader range of perspectives.Additionally, all of our counselors were from English-speaking countries and regrettably race and ethnicity information was not collected.Likewise, for our probe study, we worked with a nonclinical population that exhibited low-level DEBs, which may mean that our fndings are not applicable to other populations associated with interoceptive defcits.All of our probe study participants were UK residents at the time of the study.The vast majority were undergraduate and postgraduate students, and once again, race and ethnicity information was not collected.Finally, while the results of our Qualitative Content Analysis of the r/intuitiveeating subreddit were not formally included in this publication, they did help to prepare us for working with individuals with DEBs.However, previous research has indicated the overwhelming young (64% under age 30) and white (70%) [12] makeup of Reddit users.
In terms of method, probes represent just one approach to explore the opportunities resulting from our counselor interviews.As a next step, applying co-design, where participants actively contribute to the intervention design may result in more impactful prototypes.This is a direction we hope to pursue in future work.Additionally, the probes themselves only addressed a subset of the design opportunities, leaving room to explore ways in which technology can support the experience of physical discomfort.They also only focused on imbuing two routine activities (eating and music) with IA.We hope to explore more ways in which IA can be embedded into daily life in future work.While the web-based format of the probes was intended to make them accessible, it may not ofer the most efective or impactful experiences, as could be achievable with more immersive technologies like virtual reality and haptics.Designers and mental health professionals have developed strategies to support their participants and clients in developing interoceptive awareness.While their motivations may difer, in many instances, the strategies they employ are similar.We argue that, given the the acknowledged role of IA in various mental health conditions, there is merit in integrating insights from both of these disciplines into digital interventions.This combined knowledge can be used to inform the design and development of technology to support noticing, articulating and interpreting sensation in the context of mental health.

A.6 r/intutiveeating wiki at time if writing
Welcome to the r/intuitiveeating wiki!This will be a collection of information, FAQ, and resources to help you understand and move forward with intuitive eating.
Intuitive eating is, as described by its creators Evelyn Tribole and Elyse Resch, " a self-care eating framework, which integrates instinct, emotion, and rational thought" and "a weight-inclusive, evidence-based model with a validated assessment scale and over 100 studies to date." It is marked by 10 steps: (1) Reject the Diet Mentality (2) Honor Your Hunger (3) Make Peace with Food (4) Challenge the Food Police (5) Respect Your Fullness (6) Discover the Satisfaction Factor (7) Cope with your Emotions with Kindness (8) Respect Your Body (9) Exercise-Feel the Diference (10) :Honor Your Health with Gentle Nutrition These are not inherently sequential, but are meant as a guideline for unlearning dieting and embracing an eating pattern that is natural and not stressful, overwhelming, or restrictive.
See our FAQ page and resources page for more!A.7 r/intuitiveeating rules at time of writing (1) No bullying, trolling, or harassment.This sub is a safe space for all individuals regardless of their gender identity, race/ethnicity, religious beliefs, weight, appearance, disability, etc. Attacks on anyone will not be tolerated.Our mod team openly supports Black Lives Matter, Body Positivity, and equality for all.If you are at the hands of any discrimination, contact the mod team immediately and report any posts/comments that violate this rule.(2) No selling, MLMs, or personal promotion.This sub is not to be used to boost your business, even if it is related to intuitive eating, unless with express permission from moderators.Absolutely no promotion of MLMs will be allowed or any selling.Personal blogs can only be shared with express permission from mods.Coaches/nutritionists and so on may NOT use the subreddit to sell their services and violators will be banned with no warning.(3) No diet-talk or intentional weight-loss talk allowed.
Any posts alluding to intentional weight loss through dieting or glorifying it will be removed.We do not allow the discussion of anything diet-related, so do not give any advice that is diet-adjacent.(4) Avoid posting numbers, but if you must to get your point across, put a trigger warning on the post.Our sub is frequented by many people with disordered eating/eating disorders.Numbers (calories, weight, clothing sizes, etc) can be extremely triggering to those part of our community.We will allow discretion regarding numbers being used in posts, but if your post does contain numbers it absolutely must have a trigger warning fair.(5) No NSFW/inappropriate content.
No nudity, porn, or any adult-only content is allowed.This sub is open to all ages.(6) Do not give out or ask for medical advice.
Any health-related questions must be brought to the attention of your primary care physician/general practitioner, mental health practitioner, registered dietician, etc.No one on this sub, even if qualifed, is able to give you customized information regarding your health.However, you may openly discuss any health struggles you are facing if they relate to your intuitive eating journey.(7) Posts for research studies/data collection/surveys MUST be approved by mods.Please consult the mod team before posting any of the above so we can ensure that it is in line with our rules and values.Any of these posts that are posted without permission will be removed.(8)

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Phase 1 (left) was aimed at understanding the design space for technology-mediated IA.Phase 2 (right) was aimed at exploring the plausibility of the design opportunities.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Summary of interoceptive awareness strategies used in HCI

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Summary of interoceptive awareness strategies used by counselors

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Strategies used in HCI to cultivate IA (top), strategies used by counselors to cultivate IA (bottom) and overlapping strategies (middle)

Opportunity 4 :
Explore potential of technology to support creative articulation of sensations • Opportunity 5: Support sensation articulation by designing IA-oriented digital or analog body journals 4.3 Scafolding interpreting sensation 4.3.1 Value-laden body mapping.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Listing of the four probes (top) along with the seven design opportunities (left) discussed in the previous section.A gray cell indicates that the probe was designed to address the design opportunity in the relative row.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: From top to bottom: Probe 1 -Mini daily IA practice, Probe 2 -Visual metaphors for sensation, Probe 3 -Refective mindful eating, Probe 4 -Audio-enabled body mapping.In the case of mobile-phone-based probes (1, 3, and 4), the images show the order in which the participant was shown each screen.In the case of Probe 3 (Refective mindful eating), each image represents the practice associated with a diferent facet of eating, each having multiple screens.For Probes 2 and 4, there are images of the Miro board activities that participants were asked to complete.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Usage data for Probe 1 (mini IA practice), starting on a Friday through to the following Thursday.Each point represents a participant completing the practice.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Some of the participant responses for Probe 2 categorised into four image types: Literal, Nature, Personal and Abstract.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Map of where participants felt sensation during the Probe 3 practice (refective mindful eating), along with the intensity and valence (right) and a table of participant responses in relation to their satisfaction with their food (left).

6. 3 . 6
Overall probe and study feedback from participants.Participants highlighted aspects of the probes that left a strong impression.

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Some of the body maps created by participants to describe sensations when listening joyful (top) and melancholic (bottom) music from Probe 4.
Photos must meet certain requirements to be approved.Photos can be: food you ate, food you want to eat, pictures of IE books/texts/sites, selfes from the neck up.Photos CAN-NOT be: body photos (neck down or full body), food logs, calorie/nutrition facts, screenshots from r/fatlogic or other similar subs.(9) Be nice!Treat others the way you want to be treated.Extend respect and common courtesy to everyone.(10) No Low-Efort Posts Posts must meet minimum post requirements.Post rules and requirements can be found here.Posts asking "where do I start?" and the like will be removed without warning.(11) Weight-Neutral Language Only This means that any insinuation of non-neutrality in regard to weight is not allowed.No defamatory comments about bodies/weight will be tolerated.(12) WEIGHT RELATED POSTS MUST HAVE A TRIGGER FLAIR If your post is discussing anything weight related, it must AND SPOILER TAG. have a trigger warning fair and spoiler tag.Received 20 February 2007; revised 12 March 2009; accepted 5 June 2009