Keywords:
Computer vision, Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding

Full Text:
... Need for Professional Development. Vol. 27, No. 1 (March 1995), 121.Subject Index 1992–1996Algorithms and Data StructuresGupta, Smolka, and Bhaskar March 1994Matousek ...

Author Name:
Subject index

Title:
Subject index

AKA names:
Subject Index

Author Name:
Association For Library Collections & Technical Services Subcommittee On The Display Of Subject Hea

Title:
Headings for Tomorrow: Public Access Display of Subject Headings

Abstract:
... a stream of sensori-motor experience. This dissertation introduces and formalizes subjective mapping, a novel approach to this problem. A learned representation ... a novel approach to this problem. A learned representation is subjective if it is constructed almost entirely from the experience stream, ... alleviates storage demands. Consequently, the first key insight of the subjective mapping approach is to phrase the problem as a variation ... maximum variance unfolding, in order to solve the newly introduced subjective mapping problem. The resulting learned representations are shown to be ...

Title:
Subjective mapping

Title:
Subject: System programmer's workshop

Title:
Subject Analysis Methodologies

Abstract:
... is an upper as well as lower record value. The subject of the present paper is to introduce the Half logistic ...

Keywords:
subject

Full Text:
... same results, which indicates that the scheme addressesrelevant factors.Categories and Subject DescriptorsD.2.8 [Software Engineering]: MetricsGeneral TermsExperimentation, ManagementKeywordsExperimentation, Subject experience, Subject motivation1. INTRODUCTIONEmpirical methods as a means for conducting software en-gineering ... Missouri, USA.Copyright 2005 ACM 1-58113-963-2/05/0005 ...$5.00.many experiments use students as subjects. . This is manytimes questioned in reviews [26]. One example ... [26]. One example when the re-sults from using students as subjects are similar to usingprofessionals was reported in [9]. However, it ... studentsversus professionals. One potentially important factor is themotivation of the subjects regardless of any other divisionof subjects into categories, for example students and profes-sionals.Moreover, several studies, which ... that we have to understand when resultsfrom one type of subject could be generalized to anothertype of subject. . The objective of this article is to contributeto this ...
... cases is too simplistic to beuseful. In many cases the subjects in a study are not homo-geneous and students may for ... discussed by Sj berg et al. in [23]. In addition,a well-motivated subject ... may perform better in an experi-ment than a poorly motivated subject, , as discussed in [2].A professional developer may be very ... classi-?cation scheme that is not merely focused on the experienceof subjects, , e.g. whether they are students or working asprofessional engineers. ... for all types of software engineering experimentswhen using humans as subjects, , although a speci?c type ofexperiments is used here to ... the scheme is also focused on the incen-tive of the subjects of the study. That is, we argue that thevalidity of ... of an empirical study is a?ected by the motivationof the subjects in the study. It would of course be possibleto propose ...
... validity of a study is a?ected by themotivation of the subjects. . Consider, for example, an inspec-tion experiment where a design ...
... a single object of studyis chosen for the experiment. The subjects should not con-sider any relationship to any additional supporting material,and ... not con-sider any relationship to any additional supporting material,and the subjects have in most cases no prior knowledge ofthe studied object. ... class of experiment has been carried out with stu-dents as subjects and with engineers with several years ofexperience as subjects. . The participants try to ?nd as manyfaults as possible ... many faults as possible and to do a goodjob as subject in the research study. Students may also bemotivated by the ... complexsituation (arti?cial project).3.1.2 Artificial projectThis denotes the situation when the subjects have to con-sider relationships to supporting material in the study. ... classi?ed in this category present amore complete environment for the subjects than in the iso-lated artifact case. However, as in the ... this typeof experiment could be to compare di?erent coding tech-niques. Subjects are given a requirements speci?cation anda design and are asked ... real project is consid-ered and the major objective of the subjects is not only toparticipate in the experimental study. The commitment ... the project is limited to the time of theproject. The subjects are motivated to perform the studybecause they, within the project, ... For example, if the study is concerned withan inspection, the subjects will be a?ected by faults thatslip through the inspection. However, ... e?ects of low qualityin the project will not a?ect the subjects after the project.They will, for example, not have to continue ... the project to a largercost.In this type of experiment, the subjects carry out thetasks of the project in order to complete ...
... real project is consid-ered and the major objective of the subjects is not to partic-ipate in the experimental study. The subjects participate ina project, but typically agree to also participate in ... sub-systems may use di?erent inspec-tion techniques. The motivation, for the subjects to ?ndfaults, is mainly to remove faults that they otherwise ... involved in the project duringthe whole project.3.2 ExperienceThe experience of subjects is commonly reported in pub-lished experiments, and there seems to ... clas-si?cation could be done di?erently, e.g. that E1 should in-clude subjects with less than 2 months experience instead ofsubjects with less ... denotes relevant experience, i.e. ex-perience that is usable for the subject in the experiment,e.g. with respect to language used, tools used, ...
... ?nd in their articles. This resulted in that weinterpreted the subjects used as more experienced that theywere. Since both classi?cation E4 ... there are two di?erences.In both these, we interpreted the experiment subjects tohave more experiences than they actually had. The experi-ence classi?cation ...
... that PBR is better than AdHoc in arti?cialprojects by experienced subjects. . It should be noticed thatboth studies are reported from ... Hence, they conclude that PBR is better than AdHocwhen experienced subjects use isolated artifacts. A similarneed for replication as for the ... in the form of comments regarding theuse of students as subjects [26]. However, it is, in our opinion,a too simplistic view ... exist, but a crucial dimension is the motiva-tion of the subjects. . Thus, this article introduced a way oftrying to capture ... capture the motivation by looking at the situationin which the subjects participate in the experiment.475The evaluation of the proposed scheme indicates ...
... experience in a study instead it should be consideredwhether the subjects should be treated as individuals in thescheme. The main motivation ... speci?c classi?cation cell should be com-pared rather than putting all subjects from one study intoone cell.Third, another possible explanation to why ... muchon being able to compare absolute results between di?erenttypes of subjects, , for example, when comparing two com-peting methods. It may ...
... combined. The scheme ad-dressed the important aspect of motivation of subjects par-ticipating in empirical studies in general and experiments inparticular. The ... IEEETransactions on Software Engineering, 25(4):456–473,1999.[3] P. Berander. Using students as subjects inrequirements prioritization. In Proc. 3rd InternationalSymposium on Empirical Software Engineering, ...

References:
P. Berander. Using students as subjects in requirements prioritization. In Proc. 3rd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, pages 167--176, 2004.
M. Höst, B. Regnell, and C. Wohlin. Using students as subjects -- a comparative study of students and professionals in lead-time impact assessment. Empirical Software Engineering: An International Journal, 5(3):201--214, 2000.

Keywords:
subject experience
subject motivation

Title:
Experimental context classification: incentives and experience of subjects

Title:
INIS: Manual for Subject Analysis

Keywords:
experimentation, subject experience, subject motivation

Title:
Indexing Specialized Formats and Subjects

Title:
The Grants Subject Authority Guide

Abstract:
... involved. The sentences used to communicate are naturally structured by subject, , verb, and object. The subject describes the actor, the verb the action and the object ... action and the object what is affected by the action. Subject- -oriented Business Process Management (S-BPM) as presented in this book ... which enables process-oriented thinking and process modeling. S-BPM puts the subject of a process at the center of attention and thus ... organizational requirements in a much better way than traditional approaches. Subjects represent agents of an action in a process, which can ... or a clerk). A process structures the actions of each subject and coordinates the required communication among the subjects. . S-BPM provides a coherent procedural framework to model and ...

Title:
Subject-Oriented Business Process Management

Abstract:
... offers a far more comprehensive and sophisticated treatment of the subject area than can be found in other sources. It revisits ... than can be found in other sources. It revisits the subject of cataloging and analyzes it in the context of today's ... of the components that are crucial for successful and effective subject retrieval in online public access catalogs. From language issues to ...

Title:
Subject Analysis on Online Catalogs

Title:
Subject Control in Online Catalogs

Abstract:
The tenet of subjectivity is that no single interface can adequately describe any object; ... mutate upon instantiation to a "standard" that is application-dependent (i.e., subjective)

Title:
Subjectivity and Software System Generators

Title:
An Introduction to Subject Indexing

Abstract:
... involved. The sentences used to communicate are naturally structured by subject, , verb, and object. The subject describes the actor, the verb the action and the object ... action and the object what is affected by the action. Subject- -oriented Business Process Management (S-BPM) as presented in this book ... structure which enables process-oriented thinking and process modeling.S-BPM puts the subject of a process at the center of attention and thus ... organizational requirements in a much better way than traditional approaches. Subjects represent agents of an action in a process, which can ... or a clerk). A process structures the actions of each subject and coordinates the required communication among the subjects. . S-BPM provides a coherent procedural framework to model and ...

Title:
Subject-Oriented Business Process Management

Title:
Structures subject to space complexity

Full Text:
LNCS 8210 - Lexical-Syntactical Patterns for Subjectivity Analysis of Social IssuesLexical-Syntactical Patterns for SubjectivityAnalysis of Social IssuesMostafa ... GhorbaniFaculty of Computer ScienceUniversity of New BrunswickFredericton, New Brunswick, Canada{m.karami,ghorbani}@unb.cahttp://ias.cs.unb.ca/Abstract. Subjectivity analysis investigates attitudes, feelings, and ex-pressed opinions about products, services, ... issues. As the ba-sic task, it classi?es a text as subjective or objective. While subjectivetext expresses opinions about an object or ... as adjectives, nouns and adverbsin products reviews usually implicates their subjectivity, , but for com-ments about social issues, it is more ... more common and descriptive. This paper proposes alexical-syntactical structure for subjective patterns for subjectivity ... anal-ysis in social domains. It is employed and evaluated for subjectivity andsentiment classi?cation at the sentence level. The proposed method out-performs ... in applications like sentiment summarization andopinion question answering.Keywords: Sentiment analysis, Subjectivity analysis, Subjectivity clas-si?cation, Subjective pattern.1 IntroductionNowadays government, organizations, and research centers who are responsiblefor ... about products and services as wellas their features. Opinions are subjective expressions that describe feelings, at-titudes, appraisals, ideas, judges, and beliefs ... for sentiment analysis. This paper focuses on the lexical-syntacticalpatterns for subjectivity analysis at the sentence level.The rest of paper is organized ... Section 3 introduces a method based onthe lexical-syntactical patterns for subjectivity analysis at the sentence level insocial domains. In Section 4, ... this paper by summarizing the results andprovide some future directions.2 Subjectivity AnalysisFrom philosophical perspective, subjectivity refers to the subject’s perspective,feelings, beliefs, and desires. It usually ... analysis, private state is described as a general covering term forsubjectivity[17].Subjectivity
... opinions in a given text.Itconsists three primitive tasks: recognizing the subjective clues, ?nding their re-latedness to the opinion target, and classifying ... re-latedness to the opinion target, and classifying the text as subjective or objective.The third task is speci?cally called subjectivity classi?cation that is distinct thansentiment classi?cation[16,11,19].Subjectivity analysis is performed at the levels of document, sentence, phrase,and ... sentence, phrase,and word. Word sentiment extraction can be interpreted as subjectivity classi?-cation at the word level that determines the sentiment of ... of word[5,18]. Subjectivityanalysis at the sentence level is useful for subjectivity and sentiment classi?cationLexical-Syntactical Patterns for Subjectivity Analysis of Social Issues 243at the sentence and document level[9], ... opinion question answering[21], documentopinion summarization[11], and information extraction[13].Most approaches for subjectivity analysis are based on machine learning tech-niques, which employ lexical ... combination of opinion terms with otherlexical or syntactical information makes subjectivity patterns. While they are do-main dependent, but there are common ... peopleemploy to express their opinions. We propose a method for subjectivity classi?-cation at the sentence level using subjective patterns.A sentence may contain some sentiment words but it necessarily ... opinion target. Therefore, we categorize asubjective sentence that is not subjective regarding that target as objective(SeeFigure 1) From sentiment perspective, a ... that target as objective(SeeFigure 1) From sentiment perspective, a related subjective sentence to socialissue is categorized as for, neutral, or against.(a) ... to socialissue is categorized as for, neutral, or against.(a) General subjectivity hierarchy (b) Our subjectivity hierarchyFig. 1. Sentence subjectivity hierarchies (general and topic-related)2.1 Previous WorksSentence similarity and Naive Bayes ... Pang andLee[11] bene?t from the minimum cut algorithm to select subjective sentencesfrom text. Rilo? et al.[13] employ a rule-based classi?er to ... pattern extraction. Then, a Naive Bayes classi?ercategorizes the sentence as subjective or objective in the sake of performanceimprovement of information extraction.Wilson ... al.[20] have used a supervised machine learning technique for sen-tence subjectivity classi?cation considering four strength levels: neutral, low,medium, and high. Barbosa ... A.A. Ghorbanitweet speci?c features such as positive polarity, link, strong subjective, , uppercase and verbs for subjectivity classi?cation.Wiebe and Mihalcea[18] have studied the associations between sentence sub-jectivity ... some empirical evidences. Probabilistic clas-si?er has been employed for sentence subjectivity ... classi?cation[17]. Conrad etal.[3] have focused on detecting and labeling arguing subjectivity at the sentencelevel.3 Lexical-Syntactical Subjective PatternsPeople usually express their opinions using common patterns consisting a ... very com-mon to ask for something politely. A pattern is subjective when it has sentimentor is used to express opinion.Table 1. ... shall, have to, has to, ...Negation Clue not, none, no, never,...Subjective patterns usually have common terms. We employ the Part OfSpeech ... lexical-syntactical pattern, “VB{To-Beverbs} + JJ{opinion adjective}”. Table 2 shows some subjective sentences inwhich opinion expressions are underlined. Almost all of them ... expressions are underlined. Almost all of them follow some com-mon subjective patterns.3.1 Subjective Pattern StructureSubjective pattern is a sequence of words which either ... a structure using POS tags as well aslexical terms for subjective pattern. Suppose PT = [POS]{term} shows a patternterm, that means ... is apattern that represents an adjective from the provided list. Subjective pattern isde?ned as a sequence of pattern terms(Eq. 1). For ... terms(Eq. 1). For example, VBZ{is} JJ{legal,illegal, wrong, murder} is a subjective pattern.SP ( Subjective
(1)Lexical-Syntactical Patterns for Subjectivity Analysis of Social Issues 245Table 2. Samples from three data-sets# ... represents a pattern term. Table 3 shows some samples of subjective pat-terns. The list of subjective patterns is manually extracted from a portion ofcomments from the ... result the pattern “I VB{opinion verbs}”.Table 3. Some samples of subjective patterns# Pattern Examples1 VBZ{is} JJ{legal,illegal,wrong,murder} is wrong, is illegal2 NN{baby,fetus,woman,child} ... should4 PRP{I,we} VB{hate,agree,disagree,love} I hate , we loveExistence of a subjective pattern does not necessarily implicate any opinionregarding the social issue. ... any opinionregarding the social issue. We classify a sentence as subjective when at least oneof its subjective patterns is related to the social issue. For example, Sentence ... a system consists of ?ve components: preprocess, patternextraction, relatedness analysis, subjectivity classi?cation, and sentiment classi-?cation(Fig. 2). The preprocess component removes useless ... architecture for proposed architectureThe pattern extraction component recognizes and extracts subjective pat-terns. Relatedness analysis searches the relatedness between the sentence andthe ... analysis searches the relatedness between the sentence andthe social issue. Subjectivity classi?cation component uses the extracted subjec-tive patterns and the relatedness ... subjec-tive patterns and the relatedness to classify a sentence as subjective or objective.Sentiment classi?cation computes the sentiment of related subjective patternsregarding the social issue and categorizes the sentence as for, ... neutral, or against.We de?ne sentiment polarity and strength for each subjective pattern.Let S = {SP1, SP2, ..., SPn} represents a subjective sentence. SPi representsa related subjective pattern. The sum of sentiment values of subjective patternsis assigned to the sentiment of the sentence (SS in ... in Eq. 2).SS :=?iSSPi, (2)SSPi represents the sentiment of ith subjective pattern. If the calculated senti-ment of a subjective sentence is positive, it is classi?ed as for, if equals ... its sentences.Opinion terms and verbs are the lexical inputs of subjective patterns. Forexample, all adjectives in NP is ADJ{wrong, right, legal} ... and 3231 opinion verbs, which are enriched versionLexical-Syntactical Patterns for Subjectivity Analysis of Social Issues 247of our previous opinion dictionaries[8]. The ... 4 for statistics).At the next level, we have labeled each subjective sentence as for, neutral, oragainst considering its sentiment polarity.Table 4. ...
Subjective Unrelated 406Strong subjective ( for , against ) ( 427 , 656 )Subjective neutral 140Weak subjective ( for , against ) ( 484 , 585 )Total ... ( 484 , 585 )Total 3395We have considered the explicit subjective sentence as strong and the implicitsubjective sentence as weak. More ... and the implicitsubjective sentence as weak. More than 46% of subjective sentences are weakthat follows the argument that the rate of ... social domains is higher than the products[7]. We manually extracted668 subjective expressions from 100 comments and then de?ned 228 coveringsubjective patterns.We ... method as well as the Bag Of Word(BOW) approach for subjectivity and sentiment classi?cation. In the BOW ap-proach, the presence of ... BOW ap-proach, the presence of only one opinion term or subjective expression in asentence is considered as a clue for subjectivity.We ... for subjectivity.We have measured the performance of our method for subjectivity classi?ca-tion on the whole data-set using the standard precision, recall, ... than the reported accuracy by [17], while for the weak subjective ... sen-tences the results are close.Table 5. Performance measures of our subjectivity classi?cation and OthersApproach Data Strength Precision Recall F-Measure AccuracyBOW abortion ... Recall F-MeasureOur MethodSubjective 81.56% 86.30% 80.15%Objective 63.40% 54.26% 58.47%Wiebe et al.[19]Subjective 91.7% 30.9% 46.2%Objective 83% 32.8% 47.1%Yu et al.[21]Opinion 69% 91% ... is higher than the sentence level because each documentusually contains subjective sentences with similar subjectivity and sentimentpolarity. Our method’s accuracy at the document level is ... sentimentanalysis of social issues is harder than products[7].Lexical-Syntactical Patterns for Subjectivity Analysis of Social Issues 249Table 7. Performance measures of our ... of opinions in the text. In thispaper, we focused on subjectivity analysis of social issues at the sentence levelbased on the ... patterns to expresstheir opinions. We de?ned a lexical-syntactical structure for subjective patternsusing the lexical knowledge as well as POS tags.The experiments ... classi?cation at the sentence level considering the fact that ageneral subjective sentence may not be subjective regarding the particular socialissue (as opinion target). The overall recall ... future works, we plan to work on how to de?ne subjective patternsthat cover more opinions. We will also work on the ... will also work on the implicit opinions because theextraction of subjective patterns and their relatedness to the opinion target aremore complicated ...
... 1–6(February 2009)3. Conrad, A., Wiebe, J., Hwa, R.: Recognizing arguing subjectivity and argumenttags. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects ... pp. 327–331. IEEE/WIC/ACM, Macau, China(2012)9. Karamibekr, M., Ghorbani, A.A.: Sentence subjectivity analysis in social domains.In: International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI ... ACL (2004)12. Rilo?, E., Wiebe, J.: Learning extraction patterns for subjective expressions. In:Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural ... 105–112. ACM (2003)13. Rilo?, E., Wiebe, J., Phillips, W.: Exploiting subjectivity classi?cation to improveinformation extraction. In: Proceedings of the 20th National ... Conference on Arti?-cial Intelligence, pp. 1106–1111. AAAI (2005)14. Solomon, R.C.: Subjectivity in Henderich Ted. Oxford University Press (2005)15. Somasundaran, S., Wiebe, ... O’Hara, T.: Development and use of a gold-standard dataset for subjectivity classi?cations. In: Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting ofthe Association ... 246–253. ACL (1999)18. Wiebe, J., Mihalcea, R.: Word sense and subjectivity. . In: Proceedings of the 21stInternational Conference on Computational Linguistics ... ACM (2006)19. Wiebe, J., Rilo?, E.: Finding mutual bene?t between subjectivity analysis andinformation extraction. IEEE Transactions on A?ective Computing 2(4), 175–191(2011)20. ... in Natural Language Processing, pp. 129–136. ACL (2003)Lexical-Syntactical Patterns for Subjectivity Analysis of Social Issues1 Introduction2 Subjectivity Analysis2.1 Previous Works3 Lexical-Syntactical Subjective Patterns3.1 Subjective

Abstract:
<p>Subjectivity analysis investigates attitudes, feelings, and expressed opinions about products, services, ... issues. As the basic task, it classifies a text as subjective or objective. While subjective text expresses opinions about an object or issue using sentiment ... adjectives, nouns and adverbs in products reviews usually implicates their subjectivity, , but for comments about social issues, it is more ... common and descriptive. This paper proposes a lexical-syntactical structure for subjective patterns for subjectivity ... analysis in social domains. It is employed and evaluated for subjectivity and sentiment classification at the sentence level. The proposed method ...

References:
Conrad, A., Wiebe, J., Hwa, R.: Recognizing arguing subjectivity and argument tags. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Extra-Propositional Aspects of Meaning in Computational Linguistics, pp. 80—88. ACM (2012)
Karamibekr, M., Ghorbani, A.A.: Sentence subjectivity analysis in social domains. In: International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2013). IEEE/WIC/ACM (November 2013)
Pang, B., Lee, L.: A sentimental education: sentiment analysis using subjectivity summarization based on minimum cuts. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 271—278. ACL (2004)
Riloff, E., Wiebe, J.: Learning extraction patterns for subjective expressions. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 105—112. ACM (2003)
Riloff, E., Wiebe, J., Phillips, W.: Exploiting subjectivity classification to improve information extraction. In: Proceedings of the 20th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1106—1111. AAAI (2005)
Solomon, R.C.: Subjectivity in Henderich Ted. Oxford University Press (2005)
Wiebe, J., Bruce, R., O'Hara, T.: Development and use of a gold-standard data set for subjectivity classifications. In: Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 246—253. ACL (1999)
Wiebe, J., Mihalcea, R.: Word sense and subjectivity. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1065—1072. ACM (2006)
Wiebe, J., Riloff, E.: Finding mutual benefit between subjectivity analysis and information extraction. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computingä2(4), 175—191 (2011)

Keywords:
Subjective pattern
Subjectivity classification
Subjectivity analysis

Title:
Lexical-Syntactical Patterns for Subjectivity Analysis of Social Issues